Bone slide Q's

Question 1

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

• Support
• Protecton
• Movement
• Mineral storage
• Blood cell production (RBC, leucocytes, platlets adn red bone marrow)
• Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
• Increase in stature and limb length

Question 2

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 2

The formation of RBC (erythrocytes) that bind and carry oxygen with in the blood to tissues.

Question 3

What is the shape of a long bone?

Answer 3

• Longer > wide
• Shaft and 2 ends
• Elongated shape (not length)
• All limb bones
• Slightly curved for strength

Question 4

What is the shape of a flat bone?

Answer 4

• Thin
• Flattened
• Slightly curved

Question 5

What is the shape of a short bone?

Answer 5

Cube shape

Wrist and ankle bones

Question 6

What is the shape of an irregular bone?

Answer 6

Complicated shapes

Question 7

What is the shape and function of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 7

Shaped like a sesame seed

Protection

Improves tendon insertion angle

Question 8

Features of epiphysis

Answer 8

Ends of long bone Cancellous (Spongy) bone

Articular surface lined with hyaline cartilage, 3-5mm thick

Question 9

Features of metaphysis

Answer 9

Contains epiphyseal plate

Cancellous bone

Question 10

Features of diaphysis

Answer 10

Shaft of bone

Compact bone

Cylindrical

Question 11

Features of epiphyseal plate

Answer 11

Cartilage → bone Longitudinal growth

Question 12

Features of periosteum

Answer 12

Fibrous, vascular cover of bone

Rich in nerves x-sectional growth (width)

Question 13

Features of endosteum

Answer 13

Membrane within medullary cavity x-sectional growth

Question 14

Features of medullary cavity

Answer 14

• Central cavity containing yellow bone marrow
• Red bone marrow found in sternum, ribs, hip bones, clavicles

Question 15

Features of nutrient artery

Answer 15

Vascular supply to bone and marrow.

Question 16

Does spongy bone contain osteons?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

Spongy bone Consists of trabeculae surrounding many…

Answer 17

red marrow filled spaces

Question 18

Spongy bone-What structure does it form most of?

Answer 18

flat, short, irregular bones and the epiphyses of long bones

Question 19

What covers spongy bone on the inside?

Answer 19

Endosteum

Question 20

where does bone marrow exist

Answer 20

between the trabeculae

Question 21

What covers compact bone on the outside?

Answer 21

Plates of periosteum

Question 22

What is the job of osteoblast cytes and clasts.

Answer 22

forms bone tissue maintains bone tissue resorption, destruction of the bone matrix

Question 23

What do osteoblasts secrete?

Answer 23

Organic component of the bone matrix

Question 24

What surface are osteoblasts found on?

Answer 24

All bone surfaces

Question 25

When are osteoblast enlarged adn active?

Answer 25

At all sites of bone growth and repair

Question 26

What do osteoblast eventually develop into?

Answer 26

Osteocytes

Question 27

Where are osteocytes found?

Answer 27

In the bone matrix

Question 28

What are the functions of osteocytes?

Answer 28

they maintain surrounding bone tissue metabolic requirements waste products mineral homeostasis

Question 29

Where are the mature osteocytes cell trapped?

Answer 29

Within the bone matrix

Question 30

What is the compartment called where osteocytes sit?

Answer 30

Lacuna

Question 31

How do osteocytes communicate with neighbouring osteocytes?

Answer 31

through fine processes which run through tubes know as 'cannuliculi'.

Question 32

Are osteocytes larger that osteoblasts?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Where are osteoclasts made?

Answer 33

The are made in bone marrow

Question 34

describe the nucleus and size of osteoclasts

Answer 34

multi nucleated and vary greatly in size

Question 35

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Answer 35

involved in the metabolism of calcium and the destruction of the bone matrix

Question 36

Where are osteoclasts found and why are they important?

Answer 36

found on bone surface and are important in the normal growth, maintenance and repair of bone

Question 37

What do osteoclasts cell secrete?

Answer 37

enzymes into the bone matrix

Question 38

How do osteoclasts breakdown the bone matrix?

Answer 38

The secrete and enzyme that has a large surface area. The enzyme create and acidic environment therefore the mineral component of the bone matrix dissolves.

Question 39

What does the germinal layer at the top of resting cartilage do?

Answer 39

Forms new cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

Question 40

What is below the germinal layer?

Answer 40

zone of resting cartilage

Question 41

What is the main function of resting cartilage?

Answer 41

to anchor the epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

Question 42

What happens if the resting cartilage is damaged?

Answer 42

causes cells to stop growth

Question 43

What happens in the zone of proliferating cartilage and why

Answer 43

Increase in bone length due to an increase in cell numbers

Question 44

In the zone of proliferating cartilage what stack into columns and then divide?

Answer 44

Chondrocytes

Question 45

In the hypertrophic cartilage zone what do the chondrocytes do are the mature?

Answer 45

They swell in size

Question 46

In the hypertrophic cartilage zone what are the cell programmed to do once they are fully mature?

Answer 46

Die

Question 47

What is a characteristic of the hypertrophic cartilage zone?

Answer 47

Weakest portion of the plate

Question 48

In the calcified cartilage zone what do chondrocytes become impregnated with to form the framework of calcified cartilage?

Answer 48

calcium salts

Question 49

In the calcified cartilage zone what invades the area

Answer 49

blood vessels

Question 50

What do osteoblasts replace?

Answer 50

Chondrocytes

Question 51

In the calcified cartilage zone what do osteoblasts form?

Answer 51

The framework of calcified cartilage

Question 52

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what do the ridges in the periostum create?

Answer 52

A groove for the periosteal blood vessel.

Question 53

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what form when the periosteal ridges fuse?

Answer 53

An endosteum-lined tunnel

Question 54

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what do the osteoblasts build?

Answer 54

Concentric lamellae inward towards the centre of tunnel, forming a new osteon.

Question 55

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what does the new repeating osteon formation do as new periosteal ridges fold over?

Answer 55

Blood vessels

Question 56

Name the parts of the bone

Answer 56

1. Proximal epiphysis 2. Metaphysis 3. Diaphysis 4. Metaphysis 5. Distal epiphysis 6. - 7. Articular cartilage 8. Nutirient artery in nutrient foramen 9. Medullary cavity 10. Periosteum 11. Compact bone 12. Endosteum 13. Spongy bone 14. Epiphyseal line 15. Articular cartilage

Question 57

Name the area of cartilage

Answer 57

1. Resting cartilage 2. Proliferating cartilage 3. Maturing cartilage 4. Calcified cartilage

Question 58

Label the 'development of cartilage model' stage of endochondral ossificaltion

Answer 58

1. Proximal epiphysis 2. Diaphysis 3. Distal epiphysis 4. Perichondrium 5. Hyaline cartilage

Question 59

Label the 'growth of cartilage model' of endochondral ossification

Answer 59

1. Perichondrium 2. Uncalcified matrix 3. Calcified matrix 4. Periosteum

Question 60

Label the 'development of primary ossification center' in endochondral ossification

Answer 60

1. Perichondrium 2. Uncalcified matrix 3. Calcified matrix 4. Periosteum 5. Primary ossification centre 6. Nutrient artery

Question 61

Label the 'development of secondary ossification centre in epiphysis' in endochondral ossification

Answer 61

1. Perichondrium 2. Secondary ossification centre 3. Uncalcified matrix 4. Epiphyseal artery

Question 62

Label the 'formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate' of endochondral ossification

Answer 62

1. Aticular cartilage 2. Spongy bone 3. Epiphyseal plate

Question 63

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 63

1. Periosteal ridges 2. Periosteum 3. Periosteal blood vessel 4. Perforating canal 5. Groove

Question 64

Decribe what is happening in the first stage periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 64

Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel

Question 65

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 65

1. Endosteum 2. Foramen 3. Tunnel

Question 66

Describe what is happening in the second stage of periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 66

Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteal-lined tunnel

Question 67

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 67

1. Endosteum

Question 68

Describe what is happening in the third stage of periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 68

Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward centre of tunnel, forming a new osteon

Question 69

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 69

1. Outer circumfrance lamellae 2. Periosteum 3. Central canal 4. New osteon

Question 70

Describe what is happening in the fourth stage of periosteum and appositional growth

Answer 70

Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new outer circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels