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Anatomy and kinanthropometry > Bone slide Q's > Flashcards

Bone slide Q's Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Protecton
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production (RBC, leucocytes, platlets adn red bone marrow)
  • Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
  • Increase in stature and limb length
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2
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of RBC (erythrocytes) that bind and carry oxygen with in the blood to tissues.

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3
Q

What is the shape of a long bone?

A
  • Longer > wide
  • Shaft and 2 ends
  • Elongated shape (not length)
  • All limb bones
  • Slightly curved for strength
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4
Q

What is the shape of a flat bone?

A
  • Thin
  • Flattened
  • Slightly curved
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5
Q

What is the shape of a short bone?

A

Cube shape

Wrist and ankle bones

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6
Q

What is the shape of an irregular bone?

A

Complicated shapes

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7
Q

What is the shape and function of a sesamoid bone?

A

Shaped like a sesame seed

Protection

Improves tendon insertion angle

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8
Q

Features of epiphysis

A

Ends of long bone Cancellous (Spongy) bone

Articular surface lined with hyaline cartilage, 3-5mm thick

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9
Q

Features of metaphysis

A

Contains epiphyseal plate

Cancellous bone

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10
Q

Features of diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

Compact bone

Cylindrical

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11
Q

Features of epiphyseal plate

A

Cartilage → bone Longitudinal growth

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12
Q

Features of periosteum

A

Fibrous, vascular cover of bone

Rich in nerves x-sectional growth (width)

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13
Q

Features of endosteum

A

Membrane within medullary cavity x-sectional growth

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14
Q

Features of medullary cavity

A
  • Central cavity containing yellow bone marrow
  • Red bone marrow found in sternum, ribs, hip bones, clavicles
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15
Q

Features of nutrient artery

A

Vascular supply to bone and marrow.

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16
Q

Does spongy bone contain osteons?

A

No

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17
Q

Spongy bone Consists of trabeculae surrounding many…

A

red marrow filled spaces

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18
Q

Spongy bone-What structure does it form most of?

A

flat, short, irregular bones and the epiphyses of long bones

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19
Q

What covers spongy bone on the inside?

A

Endosteum

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20
Q

where does bone marrow exist

A

between the trabeculae

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21
Q

What covers compact bone on the outside?

A

Plates of periosteum

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22
Q

What is the job of osteoblast cytes and clasts.

A

forms bone tissue maintains bone tissue resorption, destruction of the bone matrix

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23
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Organic component of the bone matrix

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24
Q

What surface are osteoblasts found on?

A

All bone surfaces

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25
Q

When are osteoblast enlarged adn active?

A

At all sites of bone growth and repair

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26
Q

What do osteoblast eventually develop into?

A

Osteocytes

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27
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

In the bone matrix

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28
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes?

A

they maintain surrounding bone tissue

metabolic requirements

waste products

mineral homeostasis

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29
Q

Where are the mature osteocytes cell trapped?

A

Within the bone matrix

30
Q

What is the compartment called where osteocytes sit?

A

Lacuna

31
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with neighbouring osteocytes?

A

through fine processes which run through tubes know as ‘cannuliculi’.

32
Q

Are osteocytes larger that osteoblasts?

A

No

33
Q

Where are osteoclasts made?

A

The are made in bone marrow

34
Q

describe the nucleus and size of osteoclasts

A

multi nucleated and vary greatly in size

35
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

involved in the metabolism of calcium and the destruction of the bone matrix

36
Q

Where are osteoclasts found and why are they important?

A

found on bone surface and are important in the normal growth, maintenance and repair of bone

37
Q

What do osteoclasts cell secrete?

A

enzymes into the bone matrix

38
Q

How do osteoclasts breakdown the bone matrix?

A

The secrete and enzyme that has a large surface area. The enzyme create and acidic environment therefore the mineral component of the bone matrix dissolves.

39
Q

What does the germinal layer at the top of resting cartilage do?

A

Forms new cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

40
Q

What is below the germinal layer?

A

zone of resting cartilage

41
Q

What is the main function of resting cartilage?

A

to anchor the epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

42
Q

What happens if the resting cartilage is damaged?

A

causes cells to stop growth

43
Q

What happens in the zone of proliferating cartilage and why

A

Increase in bone length due to an increase in cell numbers

44
Q

In the zone of proliferating cartilage what stack into columns and then divide?

A

Chondrocytes

45
Q

In the hypertrophic cartilage zone what do the chondrocytes do are the mature?

A

They swell in size

46
Q

In the hypertrophic cartilage zone what are the cell programmed to do once they are fully mature?

A

Die

47
Q

What is a characteristic of the hypertrophic cartilage zone?

A

Weakest portion of the plate

48
Q

In the calcified cartilage zone what do chondrocytes become impregnated with to form the framework of calcified cartilage?

A

calcium salts

49
Q

In the calcified cartilage zone what invades the area

A

blood vessels

50
Q

What do osteoblasts replace?

A

Chondrocytes

51
Q

In the calcified cartilage zone what do osteoblasts form?

A

The framework of calcified cartilage

52
Q

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what do the ridges in the periostum create?

A

A groove for the periosteal blood vessel.

53
Q

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what form when the periosteal ridges fuse?

A

An endosteum-lined tunnel

54
Q

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what do the osteoblasts build?

A

Concentric lamellae inward towards the centre of tunnel, forming a new osteon.

55
Q

When periosteum and appositional growth occurs what does the new repeating osteon formation do as new periosteal ridges fold over?

A

Blood vessels

56
Q

Name the parts of the bone

A
  1. Proximal epiphysis
  2. Metaphysis
  3. Diaphysis
  4. Metaphysis
  5. Distal epiphysis
  6. -
  7. Articular cartilage
  8. Nutirient artery in nutrient foramen
  9. Medullary cavity
  10. Periosteum
  11. Compact bone
  12. Endosteum
  13. Spongy bone
  14. Epiphyseal line
  15. Articular cartilage
57
Q

Name the area of cartilage

A
  1. Resting cartilage
  2. Proliferating cartilage
  3. Maturing cartilage
  4. Calcified cartilage
58
Q

Label the ‘development of cartilage model’ stage of endochondral ossificaltion

A
  1. Proximal epiphysis
  2. Diaphysis
  3. Distal epiphysis
  4. Perichondrium
  5. Hyaline cartilage
59
Q

Label the ‘growth of cartilage model’ of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Perichondrium
  2. Uncalcified matrix
  3. Calcified matrix
  4. Periosteum
60
Q

Label the ‘development of primary ossification center’ in endochondral ossification

A
  1. Perichondrium
  2. Uncalcified matrix
  3. Calcified matrix
  4. Periosteum
  5. Primary ossification centre
  6. Nutrient artery
61
Q

Label the ‘development of secondary ossification centre in epiphysis’ in endochondral ossification

A
  1. Perichondrium
  2. Secondary ossification centre
  3. Uncalcified matrix
  4. Epiphyseal artery
62
Q

Label the ‘formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate’ of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Aticular cartilage
  2. Spongy bone
  3. Epiphyseal plate
63
Q

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

A
  1. Periosteal ridges
  2. Periosteum
  3. Periosteal blood vessel
  4. Perforating canal
  5. Groove
64
Q

Decribe what is happening in the first stage periosteum and appositional growth

A

Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel

65
Q

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

A
  1. Endosteum
  2. Foramen
  3. Tunnel
66
Q

Describe what is happening in the second stage of periosteum and appositional growth

A

Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteal-lined tunnel

67
Q

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

A
  1. Endosteum
68
Q

Describe what is happening in the third stage of periosteum and appositional growth

A

Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward centre of tunnel, forming a new osteon

69
Q

Label the diagram showing periosteum and appositional growth

A
  1. Outer circumfrance lamellae
  2. Periosteum
  3. Central canal
  4. New osteon
70
Q

Describe what is happening in the fourth stage of periosteum and appositional growth

A

Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new outer circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels

Anatomy and kinanthropometry (15 decks)

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