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Anatomy and kinanthropometry > Body composition analysis > Flashcards

Body composition analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What effect body composition?

A 
Proportion of FM and FFM in the body
Genetics
Growth and development
Exercise
Diet
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2
Q

What can body composition assessments tell us?

A

FFM
FM
Bone mass
Muscle mass

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3
Q

Why do we measure body composition?

A

Health implications

Improve performance

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4
Q

What are the essential fat for males and females?

A

3%

12%

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5
Q

What does body composition measure?

A

Molecular and tissue level

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6
Q

What does the two compartmental divide the body into?

A

Fat and Fat-free mass

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7
Q

What does the FFM consist of?

A

Bone
Muscle
Organs
Connective tissue

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8
Q

What does fat mass consist of?

A

All of the body’s fat including essential fat.

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9
Q

Where is essential fat stored?

A

Major organs
Muscles
Central nervous system

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10
Q

How is non-essential fat stored?

A

In adipose tissues

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11
Q

Where is non-essential fat stored?

A

Visceral fatty tissue
Subcutaneous
Intermuscular
Intramuscular

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12
Q

What factor affect storage fat?

A 
Gender
Age
Genetics
Metabolism
Diet
Activity level
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13
Q

How do men distribute fat?

A

Android fat distribution

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14
Q

How do women distribute fat?

A

Gynoid fat distribution

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15
Q

What are the assumptions of the two component model?

A

Fat density is 0.9g/ml
FFM density is 1.1g/ml
Fat and FFM is the same for everyone
The densities of the various components of FFM are constant within an individual
The individual being measured differs from a reference body only in the amount of fat

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16
Q

What does the three compartmental model consist of?

A

FM
Total body water
FF dry mass

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17
Q

What does the four compartmental model consist of?

A

FM
Total body water
Bone minerals
Residuals

18
Q

Can we distinguish between fats?

A

No

19
Q

What is the range of body density?

A

0.9 and 1.1

20
Q

How does Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) work?

A

Measures impedance by body tissues to the flow of a small alternating electrical current.

21
Q

What premise if BIA based on?

A

FF tissue is a better conductor of electrical current

22
Q

What does BIA assume?

A

That FFM has a constant proportion of water (about 75%)

23
Q

What factors can influence the result of the BIA?

A

Change in hydration levels
Sensitive to body temperature, caffeine, exercise, fed/fasted
Sensitive to placement of electrodes

24
Q

What are the assumptions of BIA?

A

The human body is a perfect cylinder
The impedance to a current is directly related the length of the conductor and inversely related to it’s cross-sectional area
Biological tissues act as conductors or insulators, and the flow will follow the path of least resistance
Impedance is a function of resistance and reactance

25
Q

What are the advantages of BIA?

A 
Convenient
Fast test time ~ 5 mins
Comfortable 
Privacy not compromised 
Reproducible
Cheap (£250-£1000)
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of BIA?

A

Testing conditions need to be carefully controlled
Does not account for race
Tends to overestimate body fat in very lean muscular people and underestimate in % fat in obese

27
Q

Is DEXA multicompartmental?

A

Yes

28
Q

How does DEXA work?

A

2 low energy x-ray beams are used it measure the amount of radiation absorbed
Soft tissues absorb the rays

29
Q

What does the DEXA scan measure?

A 
Total body bone mineral
Total body bone density
Bone free lean tissue mass
FM
FFM
soft tissue mass
30
Q

What is considered the gold standard of measuring body composition?

A

DEXA

31
Q

What are the advantages of the DEXA scan?

A 
Accurate
Measurement of bone content (osteoporosis)
Safe
Rapid
Minimal subject cooperation
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of DEXA?

A

Costly

Limited access

33
Q

What are the uses for MRI?

A

Can measure liver, skeletal muscle and abdominal adiposity.

Skeletal muscle mass and volume

34
Q

Disadvantages of the MRI?

A

Inaccessible and expensive

35
Q

What is the range off the true value you can expect using hydrodensitometry?

A

+2.5% if done with experienced subjects

36
Q

Is hydrodensitometry considered a three compartmental model?

A

No it’s considered a two

FM and FFM

37
Q

How does underwater weighing work?

A

Water density is ~1.0g/ml

Therefore fat will float and more muscle will sink

38
Q

In underwater weighing if someone has high body volume and low body density, what will their fat levels be?

A

Higher

39
Q

In underwater weighing if someone has low body volume and high body density, what will their fat levels be?

A

Lower

40
Q

What are the advantages of underwater weighing?

A

Accurate is done correctly

Many equations that are specific to each group

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of underwater weighing?

A

Most subjects not comfortable blowing all their air out
Ambulatory problems
Some people just don’t like water

42
Q

What can cause error in underwater weighing?

A

Not getting all air out
Reading scale wrong
Not using the correct equation
Estimation of residual volume (RV)

Anatomy and kinanthropometry (15 decks)

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