Bone

Question 1

Bone functions?

Answer 1

Protection, support, mechanical basis for movement, storage, blood cell formation

Question 2

Five Classifications based on shape

Answer 2

1: Long: longer than wide (upper limb and lower limb)
2: Short: cubed (ex. Carpel and tarsel)
3. Flat: scapula, etc.
4. Irregular: hip bones, vertebrae, etc.
5. Sesamoid: formed in the tendons (patella, etc.)

Question 3

Long bone shaft structure?

Answer 3

Shaft (diaphysis) is hollowed out in the center where yellow or red bone marrow is found.

Question 4

Long bone epiphysis structure

Answer 4

Compact bone on the outside with spongy bone on the inside.

Question 5

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 5

The transition between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

Question 6

How do long bones lengthen?

Answer 6

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) is a piece of hyaline cartilage that allows for growth of bone. Eventually becomes piece of bone called epiphyseal line.

Question 7

What separates metaphysis and epiphysis?

Answer 7

Growth plate (epiphyseal plate)

Question 8

What part of the bones do tendons attach to?

Answer 8

Periosteum

Question 9

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

Answer 9

Hyaline cartilage

Question 10

Does articular cartilage have a perichondrium?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

Structure of short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bone.

Answer 11

Compact bone with spongy bone (diploe) in between. Compact bone is lined with periosteum.

Question 12

Types of cells in bones?

Answer 12

1. Osteogenic cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts

Question 13

ECM makeup of bone

Answer 13

Osteoid (organic) - type I collagen and bone matrix proteins [BMPs]; BMPs include GAGs, gylcoproteins, and osteocalsin

Inorganic - hydroxyapatite crystals (50% of dry weight of bone matrix)

Question 14

What do osteogenic cells produce?

Answer 14

Osteoblasts

Question 15

What do osteoblasts produce?

Answer 15

The osteiod or ECM.

Question 16

What happens to osteoblasts after they have produced enough bone matrix?

Answer 16

They send out several cytoplasmic extensions become osteocytes.

They live in and maintain the calcified bone matrix.

Question 17

What are canaliculi?

Answer 17

The area in the matrix that hold the cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes.

Question 18

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Answer 18

Resorption and breakdown of bone matrix through creating a heavily acidic environment

Question 19

Structure of osteoclasts?

Answer 19

Multinucleated cell with a ruffled border which is the active site of the cell.

Question 20

How is bone calcified?

Answer 20

Osteoblasts release various chemicals that accumulate phosphorous and calcium around the collagen fibers.

Question 21

What is the function of canaliculi?

Answer 21

The dispersion of nutrients between osteocytes and to blood vessels.

Question 22

Structure of an osteon?

Answer 22

Haversian canal surrounded by lamellae

Question 23

What are found inside the haversian canal?

Answer 23

Nerve fiber, artery, and veins.

Question 24

Longitudanal osteons put together make up what type of bone?

Answer 24

Compact bone

Question 25

What type of canals connect the central haversian canals to the blood vessels in the periosteum?

Answer 25

Volkmann’s canal

Question 26

What surrounds the vessels and nerves in a Haversian canal?

Answer 26

Endosteum

Question 27

What makes up interstitial lamellae?

Answer 27

Old lamellae from osteons that had been previously broken down