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F16: Anatomy Test 3 > Blood and Hematopoeisis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total volume of blood?

A

6 L or p 7-8% total body weight

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Delivery of O2 to cells and removal of CO2 and waste
  • transport of hormones and regulatory substances
  • maintenance of homeostasis: buffer and coagulation/thermoregulation
  • protective: transport of immune cells
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3
Q

What are the two major components of blood?

A
  1. Formed elements: RBCs, WBCs, platelets

2. Plasma: matrix

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4
Q

What are the different layers of centrifuged blood?

A

Top light layer: plasma (55%)

Bottom red layers: RBCs (45%)

Middle thin buffy layer: WBCs and platelets (< 1%)

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5
Q

___________ is the volume of packed RBCs in a sample of blood.

A

Hematocrit

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6
Q

_______ accounts for over 90% of plasma.

A

Water

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7
Q

__________ accounts for roughly 7-8% of plasma.

A

Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

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8
Q

_________ accounts for a mere 1-2% of plasma.

A

Other solutes (electrolytes, etc.)

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9
Q

T/F: Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, but no other organelles.

A

FALSE.

No nucleus, and missing typical organelles

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10
Q

What is the major function of erythrocytes?

A

Bind and deliver O2 to tissues and bind CO2 to remove from tissue.

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11
Q

What is the diameter of a typical erythrocyte?

A

7.8 um

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12
Q

What is the lifespan of a typical erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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13
Q

_________ is a specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, and releasing O2 and CO2.

A

Hemoglobin

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14
Q

Hemoglobin contains four polypeptide chains of globin each containing a _______ group.

A

Heme

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15
Q

How many O2 molecules can one hemoglobin protein bind?

A
  1. Each heme group can begin one O2 molecule.
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16
Q

What are the two major groups of leukocytes?

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes - specific granules, multilobed nuclei
  2. Mononuclear Agranulocytes - no specific granules, rounded nuclei
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17
Q

The three prominent polymorphonuclear granules are…

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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18
Q

The two most prominent mononuclear agranulocytes are…

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

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19
Q

What are the most numerous leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Show up first to Neutralize the situation

First responders to infection, acute inflammation, phagocytosis of bacteria within tissues

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21
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of neutrophils?

A

Dark, multiloped nucleus

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22
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of Eosinophils?

A

Large cytoplasmic granules, light bilobed nucleus

23
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Defense against worms, role in allergies (histamine), chronic inflammation

24
Q

What is the least abundant leukocyte?

A

Basophils

25
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of basophils?

A

Granules are so large and dark, often hard to see nucleus

26
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Regulate response to parasites, role in allergies

27
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of a lymphocyte?

A

Nucleus is very dark and takes up almost whole cell, often small rim of cytoplasm on the outside

28
Q

What are the three major lymphocytes and their functions?

A
  1. T lymphocytes - adaptive; cell-mediated immunity
  2. B lymphocytes - adaptive; humoral immunity, produce antibodies
  3. NK cells - innate; kill virally infected and malignant cells
29
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of monocytes?

A

Large, dark, kidney shaped nucleus with no granules

30
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Differentiate into macrophages in tissue -> phagcytic cells

31
Q

What is the smallest leukocyte?

A

Lymphocyte

32
Q

Which is the largest leukocyte?

A

Monocyte

33
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets) are derived from large cells within the bone marrow called _____________.

A

Megakaryocytes

34
Q

What is responsible for clot formation and repairing tears in vessel walls?

A

Thrombocytes

35
Q

T/F: The Monophyletic Theory of hematopoiesis states that blood cells are derived from multiple stem cells.

A

FALSE.

All from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

36
Q

_______ and _________ are the only cell types to come from the common lymphoid progenitor.

A

Lymphocytes and plasma

37
Q

T/F: HSC is pluripotent while the CMP and CLP are multipotent.

A

True

38
Q

T/F: The higher the potentiality of a stem or blast cell, the lower the mitotic rate of that cell.

A

True

39
Q

There are 9 stages to erythropoiesis, what are the first four?

A

HSC -> CMP -> MEP -> ErP

Hematopoietic stem cell -> common myeloid progenitor -> megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor -> erythrocyte-committed progenitor

40
Q

What are the last five “blast” steps of erythropoeisis?

A

proerythroblast -> basophilic erythroblast -> polychromatiophilic erythroblast -> orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) -> polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

41
Q

What happens from the proerythroblast phase to the basophilic erythroblast phase?

A

Nucleus stays large but gets much darker along with ring of cytoplasm

42
Q

What happens between the basophilic erythroblast phase and the polychromatophilic erythroblast phase?

A

Cytoplasm ring gets lighter, nucleus shrinks slightly and has much more contrast in color from cytoplasm. Nucleus has checkerboard appearance.

43
Q

What happens between polychromatic erythroblast and orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)?

A

Nucleus shrinks considerably

44
Q

What happens between orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) and polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)?

A

Nucleus disappears

45
Q

As erythropoiesis takes place RNA ____________ and Hemoglobin ___________.

A

Decreases; increases

46
Q

What are the three different processes involved in leukopoeisis?

A
  1. Granulopoiesis
  2. Monocytopoiesis
  3. Lymphopoiesis
47
Q

In granulopoiesis, how does the neutrophil pathway differ from eosinophils and basophils?

A

Neutrophils have a band cell stage

48
Q

What is the general outline of granulopoeisis?

A

HSC -> CMP -> progenitor -> Myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> mature cell

49
Q

What is the cell that gives rise to platelets?

A

Megakaryocyte

50
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of megakaryocytes?

A

Very large cell with complex multilobed nucleus

51
Q

What other blood cell shares a similar lineage to megakaryocytes?

A

Erythrocytes. (Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor)

52
Q

Bone marrow consists of _________ and _________ ______.

A

Sinusoids; hematopoietic cords

53
Q

How is bone marrow cellularity calculated?

A

100% - age.

Hematopoietic cells decrease with age and are replaced with adipocytes.

F16: Anatomy Test 3 (11 decks)

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