Bonding + Ionic Compounds + Covalent Substances (1)

Question 1

In ionic bonding, atoms lose or gain electrons to form charged particles (_______) which are then strongly attracted to one another. This strong attraction is known as ________________ attraction - it gives ions their ________ melting and boiling points

Answer 1

Ions

Electrostatic

High

Question 2

What is it called when an atom loses electrons

Answer 2

Oxidation

Question 3

What is it called when an atom gains electrons

Answer 3

Reduction

Question 4

All the atoms on the _____-hand side of the periodic table have only one or two electrons in their outer shells so they’re keen to get rid of them. So when they get the chance they do and that leaves the atom as an ____ instead. Ions tend to leap at the first passing ion with an opposite charge and stick to it

Answer 4

Left-hand side

Ion

Question 5

Atoms on the ________-hand side of the periodic table, have outer shells which are nearly full. They’re keen to get an extra electron to have a full outer shell. When they do they become _____ and they latch onto the atom that gave up an electron a moment earlier,

Answer 5

Right-hand side Ions

Question 6

How does ionic bonding work

Answer 6

Positive and negative ions attract one another and bind together forming a new substance. This is called ionic bonding.

Question 7

Groups 1 and 2 elements are _________ and they _______ electrons to form __ve ions (_________)

Answer 7

Metals

Lose

+ve

Cations

Question 8

Groups 6 and 7 are _____-________ and they _________ electrons to form ____ve ions (__________)

Answer 8

Non-metals

Gain

-ve

Anion

Question 9

When any cations meet any anions, they attract each other to form an ionic ____________

Answer 9

Ionic compound

Question 10

Can oxygen (which needs 2 electrons) react with sodium (which only needs to lose 1)

Answer 10

Yes - it can react with 2 sodium atoms to form Na2O

Question 11

Can calcium (which needs to lose 2 electrons) react with chlorine (which needs to gain 1)

Answer 11

Yes - it can react with 2 chlorine atoms giving each atom 1 electron each)

Question 12

Giant ionic structures have _________ melting and boiling points

Answer 12

High

Question 13

Compounds with ionic bonding always have _________ ___________ structures

Answer 13

Giant ionic structures

Question 14

In a giant ionic structure - the ions are held together in a closely packed 3D _________ arrangement by the attraction between oppositely charged ______.

Answer 14

Lattice

Ions

Question 15

The ___________________ attraction between oppositely charged ions is very strong. Because a lot of ___________ is needed to overcome the strong attraction , this means that ionic compounds have _______ melting and boiling points

Answer 15

Electrostatic

Energy

High

Question 16

Why do giant ionic structures have high melting and boiling points

Answer 16

Because they have strong forces of attraction and a lot of energy is needed to break them

Question 17

The charges on the ions in the lattice also affect the strength of the ionic bonding. A lattice of 2+ and 2- ions will be held together by ____________ forces of attraction than a lattice of 1+ and 1- ions

Answer 17

Stronger

Question 18

Lattices made up of higher charged ions will have ____________ melting and boiling points

Answer 18

Higher

Question 19

A covalent bond is a shared pair of ______________

Answer 19

Electrons

Question 20

Sometimes atoms prefer to make covalent bonds by sharing pairs of ____________ with other atoms

Answer 20

Electrons

Question 21

Each covalent bond provides one extra shared ______________ for each atom

Answer 21

Electron

Question 22

Each atom involved in covalent bonding has to make enough ____________ bonds to fill up its ________ shell

Answer 22

Covalent

Outer

Question 23

In ____________ bonding, there’s a strong attraction between the shared electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved

Answer 23

Covelent

Question 24

Hydrogen atoms only have 1 electron. They only need one more complete the first shell so they often form single _______________ bonds to achieve this

Answer 24

Covalent

Question 25

Ammonia has five outer electrons. How many covalent bonds must it make to have a full shell

Answer 25

3

Question 26

Nitrogen atoms need 3 more electrons… so two nitrogen atoms share ____ pairs of electrons to fill their outer shells. This creates a __________ bond

Answer 26

3

Triple bond

Question 27

In oxygen gas one oxygen atom shares two pairs of electrons with another to form a _________ bond

Answer 27

Double

Question 28

The atoms within a molecule are held together by very strong ___________ bonds. By contrast, the forces of attraction between the molecules are very _________. The result of these feeble intermolecular forces is that the melting and boiling points are very ______

Answer 28

Covalent

Weak

Low

Question 29

Most molecular substances are ________ or _________ at room temperature

Answer 29

Liquids or gases

Question 30

Substances containing covalent bonds can be __________ _____________ or ___________ ___________

Answer 30

Simple molecules or giant structures

Question 31

Giant covalent structures are similar to giant ionic structures except that there are no ___________ ______

Answer 31

No charged ions

Question 32

In giant covalent structures, all the atoms are bonded to each other by __________ covalent bonds. There are lots of these bonds which means it takes a lot of ____________ to break them, so giant covalent structures have very _______ melting and boiling points

Answer 32

Strong

Energy

High

Question 33

Do giant covalent structures conduct electricity

Answer 33

No - not even when molten (except for graphite)

Question 34

Giant covalent structures are usually ____________ in water

Answer 34

Insoluble

Question 35

2 examples of giant covalent structures

Answer 35

Diamond

Graphite

Both made only from carbon atoms

Question 36

In diamond, each carbon atom forms ___ covalent bonds in a very rigid covalent structure. This structure makes diamond the ___________ natural substance, so it’s used for drill tips and cutting tools

Answer 36

4

Hardest

Question 37

In graphite, each carbon atom forms ___ covalent bonds, creating layers which are free to slide over each other. This makes graphite useful as a lubricant. It also leaves free _____________, so graphite is the only non-metal which is a ________ conductor of electricity

Answer 37

3

Electrons

Good

Question 38

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding

Answer 38

Ionic bonds result when electrons are transferred between atoms. Covalent bonds result when electrons are shared between atoms.

Question 39

What is a giant covalent structure

Answer 39

Giant covalent structures contain a lot of non-metal atoms, each joined to adjacent atoms by covalent bonds

Question 40

What is a giant ionic lattice

Answer 40

The oppositely-charged ions are arranged in a regular way to form a giant ionic lattice. It is a ‘lattice’ because the arrangement is a regular one and ‘giant’ because the arrangement is repeated many times with large numbers of ions.

Question 41

Ionic substances form when a ___________ reacts with a ______________

Answer 41

Metal reacts with a non-metal

Question 42

Covalent bonds are formed when a ____________ reacts with a ______________

Answer 42

Non-metal

Non-metal

Question 43

Metallic bonds are formed when a ___________ reacts with a ____________

Answer 43

Metal and another metal