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Chemistry GCSE > Acids + Alkalis + Salts (4) > Flashcards

Acids + Alkalis + Salts (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

The pH scale goes from ___ up to ___

A

0 - 14

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2
Q

The strongest acid has a pH of ___

A

0

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3
Q

The strongest alkali has a pH of ___

A

14

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4
Q

A neutral substance has a pH of ___

A

7

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5
Q

Example of a neutral substance

A

Pure water

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6
Q

Colour change of universal indicator:

A

Universal will turn many different colours to give a specific pH

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7
Q

Colour change of litmus paper:

A

Neutral: Purple
Acidic: Red
Alkaline: Blue

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8
Q

Colour change of phenolphthalein:

A

Acidic: Colourless
Alkaline: Pink

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9
Q

Colour change of methyl orange:

A

Acidic: Red
Alkali: Yellow

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10
Q

What is a base

A

A substance that can neutralise an acid

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11
Q

What is the difference between an alkali and a base

A

Alkalis are bases which are soluble in water

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12
Q

What is the name of the reaction between an acid and a base

A

Neutralisation

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13
Q

Acid + base → …

A

→ salt + water

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14
Q

(H+) + (OH-) → _______

A

H20

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15
Q

Metal oxides are generally _________

A

Bases

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16
Q

If the acid is hydrochloric acid then the salt will be a …

A

Metal chloride

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17
Q

|f the acid is sulfuric then the salt will be a …

A

Metal sulfate

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18
Q

If the acid is nitric then the salt will be a …

A

Metal nitrate

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19
Q

Salts can be either soluble or ___________

A

Insoluble

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20
Q

Which 3 elements are always soluble

A

Sodium, potassium and ammonium

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21
Q

Most chlorides, most sulfates and all nitrates are ___________

A

Soluble

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22
Q

All nitrates are ____________

A

Soluble

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23
Q

Most chlorides are soluble except for ___________ ____________

A

Silver chloride

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24
Q

Most sulfates are soluble except for ___________ sulfates and _____________ sulfates

A

Barium sulfates

Calcium sulfates

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25
Q

Most carbonates are _____________ - except for ___________, _____________ and ______________ carbonates (these are the 3 elements that are always soluble)

A

Insoluble
Sodium
Potassium
Ammonium

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26
Q

Titrations are used to find out the ___________ of an acid or alkali

A

Concentrations

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27
Q

Titrations are used to find out exactly how much acid is needed to ________________ a quantity of alkali

A

Neutralise

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28
Q

How to do a titration

A

1) Add about 25cm3 of alkali to a conical flask and 2-3 drops of indicator
2) Fill a burette with acid and use it to add acid to the alkali a bit at a time - while swirling the flask
3) The indicator will change colour when it is neutralised
4) Record the volume of acid used to neutralise the alkali and repeat to make the result more reliable.

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29
Q

Titrations:

1) Add about _______ of alkali to a conical flask and 2-3 drops of indicator
2) Fill a ___________ with acid and use it to add acid to the alkali a bit at a time - while swirling the flask
3) The indicator will change colour when it is ______________
4) Record the volume of acid used to neutralise the alkali and repeat to make your result more ___________.

A

25cm3
Burette
Neutralised
Reliable

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30
Q

What does soluble mean

A

If a substance is soluble then it’s capable of being dissolved especially in water

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31
Q

What does insoluble mean

A

If a substance is insoluble then it is incapable of being dissolved

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32
Q

What is a solute

A

The minor component in a solution, dissolved by the solvent

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33
Q

What is a solvent

A

The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

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34
Q

What is a solution

A

The solution is the mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent

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35
Q

What ways are there of making a soluble salt

A

Using acids and insoluble bases

Using an alkali

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36
Q

How to make a soluble salt using acids and insoluble bases

A

Add the insoluble base to the acid, the solid will dissolve in the acid as it reacts.
You know when all the acid has been neutralised because the excess solid will sink to the bottom and remain there.
You can then filter out the excess base to get the salt solution.
To get pure, solid crystals of the salt - evaporate off the water.

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37
Q

How to make a soluble salt using an alkali

A

Alkalis are soluble bases so you can’t filter them out.
So you don’t know when it has neutralised.
Therefore you must use an indicator to show when the reaction has finished.
The best way of doing this is a titration.
Then repeat without an indicator so the salt isn’t contaminated

38
Q

What is the difference between an alkali and a base

A

An alkali is a soluble base

A base is insoluble

39
Q

How do you make an insoluble salt

A

Precipitation reactions

40
Q

How to make an insoluble salt using a precipitation reaction.

A

Just pick 2 solutions that contain the ions you need. E.g for barium sulfate (insoluble). You just need a solution that contains barium ions and a solution that contains sulfate ions. You literally just mix 2 solutions containing the ions that you need

41
Q

Acid + metal →

A

→ Salt + Hydrogen

42
Q

Acid + metal oxide →

A

→ Salt + Water

43
Q

Acid + metal hydroxide →

A

→ Salt + Water

44
Q

Acid + Carbonate →

A

→ Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

45
Q

Sulphuric acid formula

A

H2SO4

46
Q

Hydrochloric acid formula

A

HCI

47
Q

Nitric acid formua

A

HNO3

48
Q

H2SO4 =
HCI =
HNO3 =

A 
H2SO4 = Sulphuric acid
HCI = Hydrochloric acid
HNO3 = Nitric acid
49
Q

What makes an acid acidic

A

They all form H+ ions when dissolved in water

50
Q

All acids are ____________ so you need _______ protection and gloves

A

Corrosive

Eye

51
Q

When Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, it splits into ___ and ____ ions

A

H+(aq)

Cl-(aq)

52
Q

HCI(__) —-(water)—-> H+(__) + Cl- (__)

A

HCI(g) —-(water)—-> H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

53
Q

Are bases soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble (a soluble base is an alkali)

54
Q

Alkalis are ____________ so you need eye protection and _________

A

Corrosive

Gloves

55
Q

Sodium hydroxide formula

A

NaOH

56
Q

Potassium hydroxide formula

A

KOH

57
Q

Calcium hydroxide formula

A

Ca(OH)2

58
Q

NaOH =
KOH =
Ca(OH)2 =

A 
NaOH = Sodium hydroxide
KOH = Potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 = Calcium hydroxide
59
Q

What makes an alkali alkaline?

A

All alkalis form hydroxide ions, OH-(aq) when disolved in water, making the solution alkaline

60
Q

NaOH(__) –> —-(water)—-> Na+(__) + OH-(__)

A

NaOH(s) –> —-(water)—-> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

61
Q

Acids produce ____(aq) ions and

Alkalis produce _____(aq) ions

A

Acids produce H+(aq) ions and

Alkalis produce OH-(aq) ions

62
Q

What happens when acids and alkalis react

A

They neutralise each other

63
Q

H+(__) + OH-(__) —–> ____(__)

A

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ——> H2O(l)

64
Q

_________, a neutral substance with a pH of ___ is formed when acidic ____ ions and alkaline ____ ions react with each other. This is what happens in a ___________ experiment

A 
Water
7
H+
OH-
Titration
65
Q 
Universal indicator
pH 0-2 =
pH 2-4 =
pH 5 =
pH 6 =
pH 7 =
pH 8-9 =
pH 10-14 =
A 
pH 0-2 = Strong red
pH 2-4 = Weaker red
pH 5 = Orange
pH 6 = Yellow
pH 7 = Green
pH 8-9 = Blue
pH 10-14 = Purple
66
Q

A salt is made when the __________ ions in an acid are replace by _______ ions

A

Hydrogen

Metal

67
Q

The names of salts have 2 parts. The first name is the name of the _______ and the second name is the name of the ________ it was made from

A

Metal

Salt

68
Q

Metal chlorides are made from…

A

Hydrochloric acid

69
Q

Metal sulphates are made from …

A

Sulphuric acid

70
Q

Metal nitrates are made from …

A

Nitric acid

71
Q

Metal(__) + Acid(__) –> Salt(__) + Hydrogen(__)

A

Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g)

72
Q

Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g) works for reactive metals but is ___________ if the metal is too reactive (e.g ___ or ___) because the reaction is ___________

A

Dangerous
Na or K
Exothermic

73
Q

How to do Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g) experiment

A
  1. Add metal to acid until no more bubbling is seen
  2. Filter to remove the unreacted metal leaving salt solution
  3. Heat the solution in evaporating dish to remove some of the water, then allow to cool to form crystals
  4. Filter to remove the crystals and dry them (warm oven or leave for all water to evaporate)
74
Q

When doing a Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g) experiment. First you: 1. Add metal to acid until no more bubbling is seen. What does this mean?

A

All the acid has reacted

75
Q

When doing a Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g) experiment. The second thing you do is filter to remove what?
What does this leave behind?

A

Unreacted metal

Salt solution

76
Q

When doing a Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g) experiment. The 3rd thing you do is heat the solution in an evaporating dish to remove what? Then you allow it to _____ to form what?

A

Some of the water

Cool to form Crystals

77
Q

When doing a Metal(s) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Hydrogen(g) experiment. The final thing you do is filter to remove the _________ and dry them in a warm place which allows what?

A

Crystals

Water to evaporate

78
Q

If we want to make salts containing the ions of unreactive metals then rather than using the metal we can react the solid with what?

A

An insoluble metal oxide

79
Q

To make salts by metal oxide + acid —> salt + water… what is the method

A
  1. Add metal oxide to acid until no more will dissolve (all acid has reacted), while warming the acid
  2. Some of the metal oxide won’t disappear since all the acid has reacted - so we filter it to remove this unreacted metal oxide - leaving the salt solution
  3. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish to remove some of the water, then allow to cool to form crystals
  4. Filter to remove the crystals and dry them (warm oven) leave them for water to evaporate
80
Q

Why do we not see any bubbling in metal oxide(s) + acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + water(l)

A

There is no hydrogen

81
Q

Metal oxide + acid —> salt + water but we only want the ______ so we ___________ the crystals to remove the unwanted ________

A

Salt
Evaporate
Water

82
Q

Insoluble metal carbonates react with acids in a very similar way to metal _________ and can be used in the same way, to make salts of ____________ metals, the only difference is that _________ __________ is formed as well as the other products meaning that we would see __________ as well at the metal carbonate ______________ as it reacts

A 
Oxides
Unreactive
Carbon dioxide
Fizzing
Disappearing
83
Q

To make salts by metal cabonate(s) + acid(aq) —> salt(aq) + water(l) + carbon dioxide(g)… what is the method

A
  1. Add metal carbonate to acid until no more fizzing occurs (all the acid has reacted)
  2. Filter to remove the unreacted metal carbonate
  3. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish to remove some of the water, allow to cool to form crystals
  4. Filter to remove the crystals and dry them (warm oven or leave for all water to evaporate)
84
Q

Metal hydroxide (__) + Acid(__) –> Salt(__) + Water(__)

A

Metal hydroxide (aq) + Acid(aq) –> Salt(aq) + Water(l)

85
Q

Metal Oxide + Acid –> Salt + Water works for:

A

All metal oxides. Useful for making salts of unreactive metals.

86
Q

Metal Carbonate + Acid –> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide works for:

A

All insoluble metal carbonates. Useful for making salts of unreactive metals

87
Q

Metal hydroxide + Acid –> Salt + Water works for:

A

All alkalis. Useful for reactive metals, and to make ammonium salts

88
Q

To make salts by Metal Hydroxide + Acid –> Salt + Water, what is the method…

A
  1. Add acid progressively to the alkali or soluble metal carbonate, testing the pH
  2. Stop when the pH = 7
  3. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish to remove some of the water, then allow to cool to form crystals
  4. Filter to remove the crystals and dry them or leave in a warm place for all water to evaporate
89
Q

_________ is a molecule, NH3

Whereas ___________ is an ion NH4+

A

Ammonia

Ammonium

90
Q

What is formed when ammonia dissolves in water

A

Ammonium hydroxide

91
Q

Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate are important fertilisers because they are rich in ___________

A

Nitrogen

92
Q

What is a precipitate

A

A solid formed in a solution when a product of a reaction is insoluble

Chemistry GCSE (28 decks)

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