Body Structure Ch.4 Flashcards
chromatin
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of
nucleic acids and proteins.
chromosome
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded genes.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides.
- Organized into chromatin
diaphragm
muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
metabolism
sum of all physical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
organelle
cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).
The body is made up of what levels of structure and function?
Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
Cell
Smallest structural and functional unit of life.
Cytology
Study of the body at the cellular level
3 main parts of a human cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
- Surrounds each cell and serves as a barrier from external environments.
- Supports and protects the intracellular contents
- Transports substances in and out of call.
Cytoplasm
- Jellylike matrix of protein, salts, water, dissolved gasses and nutrients
- External environment
Nucleus
- Largest organelle of the cell
- contains genetic information (in form of DNA)
- responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Function of Ribosomes
Protein sunthesis
Function of Golgi apparatus
Remove material from the cell
Function of Lysosomes
Cellular digestion
Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity
Tissue
Histology
Study of tissue
Four major tissue types
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
- Covers surface of organs, lines cavities, forms tubes and ducts
- provides the secreting portions glands and make up the epidermis of the skin
- cells closely arranged in one or more layers
- i.e. skin surface, lining of GI tract
Connective tissue
- Supports and connects other tissues and organs
- Made up of a variety of cell types such as blood, fat cells, and fibroblasts
- i.e. bones, tendons, fat
Muscle tissue
- Provides the contractile tissue of the body
- Responsible for movement
- i.e. skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous tissue
Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.
i.e. brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Organ
- Body structure that performs specialized functions
- composed of two or more tissue types
Organ System
Consists of various organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
i.e. digestive, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular
Organismal level
- highest level of organization
- complete living entity capable of independent existence
- Made of several body systems that work together to sustain life
Plane
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections
Midsagittal (median)
divides into left and right
Coronal (frontal)
divides into front and back
Transverse (horizontal)
divides into top and bottom
Body cavities
- used by Dr’s to locate structures and identify abnormalities within the cavities
- divided into 2 major cavities (dorsal and ventral)
Dorsal body cavity
include cranial and spinal cavities
Diaphragm
muscular wall that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral body cavity
Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic cavity houses what organs?
heart, lungs, and associated structures
Abdominal cavity houses what organs?
digestive organs
Pelvic cavity houses what organs?
excretory and reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic quadrants/regions
four quadrants and nine regions
What makes the spine?
Vertebral column, backbone, protects spinal cord
Spine is divided into how many and what sections?
five sections
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccyx
Pathology, requirements for survival
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Maintain homeostasis
Disease
- Occurs when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissue, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
- A pathological or morbid condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings.
Sign
Objective (things you can see/observe) i.e. rash/swelling
Symptoms
Subjective (things a patient tells you) i.e. dizziness/nausea
Etiology
Study of the cause of a disease or disorder
- matabolic (diabetes)
- infectious (influenza, measles)
- congenital (cleft palate)
- hereditary (hemophilia)
- neoplastic (cancer)
- environmental (trauma, burns)
Diagnosis (Dx)
- Determining the cause and nature of a disease
- Aids in selection of a treatment
Prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.
Idiopathic
A disease whose cause is unknown
Diagnostic procedures
- surgical
- clinical
- endoscopic
- laboratory
- imaging procedures
Sequelae
A long-term complication that arises directly from disease, injury, or treatment i.e. paralysis from a head injury.
Right hypochondriac region
Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
Epigastric region
Upper middle region
Left hypochondriac region
Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
Right lumbar
Middle right lateral region
Umbilical
Region of the navel
Left lumbar
Middle left lateral region
Right inguinal (iliac)
Lower right lateral region
Hypogastric
Lower middle region
Left inguinal (iliac)
Lower left lateral region
Abduction
Movement away from the midsagittal plane
Adduction
Movement toward the midsagittal plane
Medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
Superior (cephalad)
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure
Inferior (caudal)
Away from head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure.
Proximal
Nearer to the center or to the point of attachment
Distal
Further from the center or from the point of attachment
Anterior (ventral)
Front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Back of the body
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
Visceral
Pertaining to the viscera, or the internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
Prone
Lying on the abdomen, face down
Supine
Lying horizontally on the back, face up
Inversion
Turning inward or inside out
Eversion
Turning outward
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body (external)
Deep
Away from the surface of the body (internal)
cyt/o
cell
hist/o
tissue
kary/o or nucle/o
nucleus
anter/o
anterior, front
caud/o
tail
cephal/o
head
dist/o
far, farthest
dors/o
back (of body)
infer/o
lower, below
later/o
side, to one side
medi/o
middle
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
proxim/o
near, nearest
ventr/o
belly, belly side
abdomin/o
abdomen
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
gastr/o
stomach
ili/o
ilium (lateral portion of hip bone)
inguin/o
groin
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
pelv/i
pelv/o
pelvis
spin/o
spine
thorac/o
chest
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
albin/o
leuk/o
white
chlor/o
green
chrom/o
color
cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o
yellow
cyan/o
blue
erythr/o
red
melan/o
black
poli/o
gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)
acr/o
extremity
eti/o
cause
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
morph/o
form, shape, structure
path/o
disease
radi/o
radiation, x-rays; radius (lower arm bone thumb side)
somat/o
body
son/o
sound
tom/o
to cut
viscer/o
internal organs
xer/o
dry
ab
from, away from
ad
toward
hetero
different
homeo
same, like
infra
below, under
peri
around
super
upper, above
trans
across, through
ultra
excess, beyond
