Body Structure Ch.4 Flashcards
1
Q
chromatin
A
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of
nucleic acids and proteins.
2
Q
chromosome
A
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded genes.
3
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
- Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides.
- Organized into chromatin
4
Q
diaphragm
A
muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
5
Q
metabolism
A
sum of all physical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
6
Q
organelle
A
cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).
7
Q
The body is made up of what levels of structure and function?
A
Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
8
Q
Cell
A
Smallest structural and functional unit of life.
9
Q
Cytology
A
Study of the body at the cellular level
10
Q
3 main parts of a human cell
A
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
11
Q
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
A
- Surrounds each cell and serves as a barrier from external environments.
- Supports and protects the intracellular contents
- Transports substances in and out of call.
12
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- Jellylike matrix of protein, salts, water, dissolved gasses and nutrients
- External environment
13
Q
Nucleus
A
- Largest organelle of the cell
- contains genetic information (in form of DNA)
- responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
14
Q
Function of Ribosomes
A
Protein sunthesis
15
Q
Function of Golgi apparatus
A
Remove material from the cell
16
Q
Function of Lysosomes
A
Cellular digestion
17
Q
Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity
A
Tissue
18
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissue
19
Q
Four major tissue types
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
20
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
- Covers surface of organs, lines cavities, forms tubes and ducts
- provides the secreting portions glands and make up the epidermis of the skin
- cells closely arranged in one or more layers
- i.e. skin surface, lining of GI tract
21
Q
Connective tissue
A
- Supports and connects other tissues and organs
- Made up of a variety of cell types such as blood, fat cells, and fibroblasts
- i.e. bones, tendons, fat
22
Q
Muscle tissue
A
- Provides the contractile tissue of the body
- Responsible for movement
- i.e. skeletal, cardiac, smooth
23
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.
i.e. brain, spinal cord, and nerves
24
Q
Organ
A
- Body structure that performs specialized functions
- composed of two or more tissue types
25
Organ System
Consists of various organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
i.e. digestive, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular
26
Organismal level
- highest level of organization
- complete living entity capable of independent existence
- Made of several body systems that work together to sustain life
27
Plane
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections
28
Midsagittal (median)
divides into left and right
29
Coronal (frontal)
divides into front and back
30
Transverse (horizontal)
divides into top and bottom
31
Body cavities
- used by Dr's to locate structures and identify abnormalities within the cavities
- divided into 2 major cavities (dorsal and ventral)
32
Dorsal body cavity
include cranial and spinal cavities
33
Diaphragm
muscular wall that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
34
Ventral body cavity
Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
35
Thoracic cavity houses what organs?
heart, lungs, and associated structures
36
Abdominal cavity houses what organs?
digestive organs
37
Pelvic cavity houses what organs?
excretory and reproductive organs
38
Abdominopelvic quadrants/regions
four quadrants and nine regions
39
What makes the spine?
Vertebral column, backbone, protects spinal cord
40
Spine is divided into how many and what sections?
five sections
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccyx
41
Pathology, requirements for survival
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Maintain homeostasis
42
Disease
- Occurs when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissue, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
- A pathological or morbid condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings.
43
Sign
Objective (things you can see/observe) i.e. rash/swelling
44
Symptoms
Subjective (things a patient tells you) i.e. dizziness/nausea
45
Etiology
Study of the cause of a disease or disorder
- matabolic (diabetes)
- infectious (influenza, measles)
- congenital (cleft palate)
- hereditary (hemophilia)
- neoplastic (cancer)
- environmental (trauma, burns)
46
Diagnosis (Dx)
- Determining the cause and nature of a disease
| - Aids in selection of a treatment
47
Prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.
48
Idiopathic
A disease whose cause is unknown
49
Diagnostic procedures
- surgical
- clinical
- endoscopic
- laboratory
- imaging procedures
50
Sequelae
A long-term complication that arises directly from disease, injury, or treatment i.e. paralysis from a head injury.
51
Right hypochondriac region
Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
52
Epigastric region
Upper middle region
53
Left hypochondriac region
Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
54
Right lumbar
Middle right lateral region
55
Umbilical
Region of the navel
56
Left lumbar
Middle left lateral region
57
Right inguinal (iliac)
Lower right lateral region
58
Hypogastric
Lower middle region
59
Left inguinal (iliac)
Lower left lateral region
60
Abduction
Movement away from the midsagittal plane
61
Adduction
Movement toward the midsagittal plane
62
Medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body
63
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
64
Superior (cephalad)
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure
65
Inferior (caudal)
Away from head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure.
66
Proximal
Nearer to the center or to the point of attachment
67
Distal
Further from the center or from the point of attachment
68
Anterior (ventral)
Front of the body
69
Posterior (dorsal)
Back of the body
70
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
71
Visceral
Pertaining to the viscera, or the internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
72
Prone
Lying on the abdomen, face down
73
Supine
Lying horizontally on the back, face up
74
Inversion
Turning inward or inside out
75
Eversion
Turning outward
76
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
77
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
78
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body (external)
79
Deep
Away from the surface of the body (internal)
80
cyt/o
cell
81
hist/o
tissue
82
kary/o or nucle/o
nucleus
83
anter/o
anterior, front
84
caud/o
tail
85
cephal/o
head
86
dist/o
far, farthest
87
dors/o
back (of body)
88
infer/o
lower, below
89
later/o
side, to one side
90
medi/o
middle
91
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
92
proxim/o
near, nearest
93
ventr/o
belly, belly side
94
abdomin/o
abdomen
95
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
96
crani/o
cranium (skull)
97
gastr/o
stomach
98
ili/o
ilium (lateral portion of hip bone)
99
inguin/o
groin
100
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
101
pelv/i
| pelv/o
pelvis
102
spin/o
spine
103
thorac/o
chest
104
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
105
albin/o
| leuk/o
white
106
chlor/o
green
107
chrom/o
color
108
cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o
yellow
109
cyan/o
blue
110
erythr/o
red
111
melan/o
black
112
poli/o
gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)
113
acr/o
extremity
114
eti/o
cause
115
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
116
morph/o
form, shape, structure
117
path/o
disease
118
radi/o
radiation, x-rays; radius (lower arm bone thumb side)
119
somat/o
body
120
son/o
sound
121
tom/o
to cut
122
viscer/o
internal organs
123
xer/o
dry
124
ab
from, away from
125
ad
toward
126
hetero
different
127
homeo
same, like
128
infra
below, under
129
peri
around
130
super
upper, above
131
trans
across, through
132
ultra
excess, beyond
