Body Structure Ch.4 Flashcards
chromatin
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of
nucleic acids and proteins.
chromosome
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded genes.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides.
- Organized into chromatin
diaphragm
muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
metabolism
sum of all physical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
organelle
cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).
The body is made up of what levels of structure and function?
Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
Cell
Smallest structural and functional unit of life.
Cytology
Study of the body at the cellular level
3 main parts of a human cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
- Surrounds each cell and serves as a barrier from external environments.
- Supports and protects the intracellular contents
- Transports substances in and out of call.
Cytoplasm
- Jellylike matrix of protein, salts, water, dissolved gasses and nutrients
- External environment
Nucleus
- Largest organelle of the cell
- contains genetic information (in form of DNA)
- responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Function of Ribosomes
Protein sunthesis
Function of Golgi apparatus
Remove material from the cell
Function of Lysosomes
Cellular digestion
Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity
Tissue
Histology
Study of tissue
Four major tissue types
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
- Covers surface of organs, lines cavities, forms tubes and ducts
- provides the secreting portions glands and make up the epidermis of the skin
- cells closely arranged in one or more layers
- i.e. skin surface, lining of GI tract
Connective tissue
- Supports and connects other tissues and organs
- Made up of a variety of cell types such as blood, fat cells, and fibroblasts
- i.e. bones, tendons, fat
Muscle tissue
- Provides the contractile tissue of the body
- Responsible for movement
- i.e. skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous tissue
Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.
i.e. brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Organ
- Body structure that performs specialized functions
- composed of two or more tissue types
Organ System
Consists of various organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
i.e. digestive, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular
Organismal level
- highest level of organization
- complete living entity capable of independent existence
- Made of several body systems that work together to sustain life
Plane
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections
Midsagittal (median)
divides into left and right
Coronal (frontal)
divides into front and back
Transverse (horizontal)
divides into top and bottom
Body cavities
- used by Dr’s to locate structures and identify abnormalities within the cavities
- divided into 2 major cavities (dorsal and ventral)
Dorsal body cavity
include cranial and spinal cavities
Diaphragm
muscular wall that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral body cavity
Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic cavity houses what organs?
heart, lungs, and associated structures
Abdominal cavity houses what organs?
digestive organs
Pelvic cavity houses what organs?
excretory and reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic quadrants/regions
four quadrants and nine regions
What makes the spine?
Vertebral column, backbone, protects spinal cord
Spine is divided into how many and what sections?
five sections
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccyx
Pathology, requirements for survival
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Maintain homeostasis
Disease
- Occurs when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissue, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
- A pathological or morbid condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings.
Sign
Objective (things you can see/observe) i.e. rash/swelling
Symptoms
Subjective (things a patient tells you) i.e. dizziness/nausea
Etiology
Study of the cause of a disease or disorder
- matabolic (diabetes)
- infectious (influenza, measles)
- congenital (cleft palate)
- hereditary (hemophilia)
- neoplastic (cancer)
- environmental (trauma, burns)
Diagnosis (Dx)
- Determining the cause and nature of a disease
- Aids in selection of a treatment
Prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.
Idiopathic
A disease whose cause is unknown
Diagnostic procedures
- surgical
- clinical
- endoscopic
- laboratory
- imaging procedures
Sequelae
A long-term complication that arises directly from disease, injury, or treatment i.e. paralysis from a head injury.
Right hypochondriac region
Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
Epigastric region
Upper middle region
