BN Ch.18 The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

The _________ (cross-shaped) ligaments of the knee arise from the femur and attach to the tibia at the knee.

Answer 1

cruciate

Question 2

The hollow inner part of the bone is filled with a soft substance called __________.

Answer 2

marrow

Question 3

The end of a long bone, the __________ is sponge-like and covered by a shell of harder bone.

Answer 3

Epiphysis

Question 4

The greater _________ of the femur is a large bony process.

Answer 4

trochanter

Question 5

A _________ is a type of fibrous joint in which a conical process is inserted into a socket type of structure.

Answer 5

gomphosis

Question 6

Strong fibrous bands called _________ hold bones togther.

Answer 6

ligaments

Question 7

__________ is a type of connective tissue that is organized into a system of fibers or embedded into a ground substance or matrix.

Answer 7

cartiliage

Question 8

What is a fontanel?

Answer 8

The newborn cranium has several membranes located between the cranial bones; these are called fontanels or soft spots

Question 9

What is the function of fontanels?

Answer 9

Fontanels allow growth of the infant’s head and permit the skull of the infant to change shape

Question 10

Acts as levers; support frame

Answer 10

Long Bones

Question 11

Facilitate movement transfer forces

Answer 11

Short Bones

Question 12

Provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment and for protection

Answer 12

Flat Bones

Question 13

For attachment of other structures or articulations

Answer 13

Irregular Bones

Question 14

Write the correct sequence for the formula that helps to summarize the aerobic action of muscles.

1. Heat and energy
2. Muscle cell and fuel and oxygen
3. By-products lactic acid and carbon dioxide

Answer 14

2. Muscle cell and fuel and oxygen
3. Heat and energy
4. By-products lactic acid and carbon dioxide

Question 15

What are isotonic exercises?

Answer 15

Exercises such as:

• Swimming
• Jogging
• Cycling

Question 16

What is muscle tone?

Answer 16

• Relaxed muscles are ready to go into action if they are in a good condition.
• This state of slight contraction and the ability to spring into action is called muscle tone (tonus).

Question 17

What are the consequences of long-term inactivity of muscles?

Answer 17

If a person does not use certain muscles or has limited mobility/movement, the muscles become flabby and weak (atonic) and may atrophy (waste away).

Question 18

What are the musculoskeletal changes caused by lack of mobility?

Answer 18

Musculoskeletal changes resulting from lack of mobility include decreased joint flexibility, muscle tone, and strength; blood clots can also occur in the legs.

Question 19

What are clavicles?

Answer 19

Clavicles are two long, thin bones that are attached to the sternum and extend outward at a right angle to the sternum on either side

Question 20

A nurse needs to have a thorough understanding of the musculoskeletal system to be able to care for clients with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. 1. What are the musculoskeletal changes caused by lack of mobility?

Answer 20

Lack of mobility can result in changes in most organ systems.

The musculoskeletal changes caused by lack of mobility are:

• Decreased joint flexibility
• Decreased muscle tone and strength
• Blood clots in the legs as a result of muscle inactivity, which is needed to move the blood

Question 21

What are the major bones that form the hand and wrist?

Answer 21

The bone structure of the hands and the wrists are as follows:

• The eight carpal bones, or wrist bones, are small and irregular bones that support the base of the palm.
• The carpal bones are attached to the radius and the ulna.
• The carpal bones are also connected to the five long, slender, and slightly curved metacarpal bones that form the palm of the hand.
• The other ends of the metacarpal bones attach to the phalanges, or finger bones.
• Three phalanges are in each finger and two are in each thumb, with joints between each two adjoining bones.