Blood Vessel Patho

Question 1

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

A narrowing and hardening of arteries due to ahterosclerotic plaque.

Question 2

What vessels are most affected by atherosclerosis?

Answer 2

1. Abdominal aorta
2. Coronary arteries
3. Popliteal arteries
4. Carotid arteries
5. Vessels of the circle of willis

Question 3

What are the contests of Plaque?

Answer 3

1. Fibrous cap
2. Lipid Core (debris, cholesterol, foam cells, calcium)
3. Media

Question 4

What are the steps to Atherosclerosis formation?

Answer 4

1. Chronic Endothelial injury
2. Endothelial dysfunction with Monocyte adhesion and emigration.
3. Macrophage Activation. Smooth muscle recruitment.
4. Leukocyte/smooth muscle engulf lipid
5. Smooth muscle proliferation and complicated plaque

Question 5

What are some causes of chronic endothelial injury?

Answer 5

• Hypertension
• hyperlipidemia
• Smoking
• Toxins
• Viruses
• immune reactions

Question 6

When does cholesterol really become a problem in terms of plaque development?

Answer 6

It has to become oxidized first.

Question 7

What matters when it comes to cholesterol levels?

Answer 7

The ratio between TG/HDL

Question 8

What are important factors in the control of ROS?

Answer 8

SOD converts to H2O2, and catalase or Glutathione convert it to water.

Question 9

What is the rate limiting step enzyme in the production of Cholesterol?

Answer 9

HMG CoA Reductase.

Question 10

How does Insulin and Glucagon affect HMG CoA Reductase? What do these hormones also do to absorption of cholesterol?

Answer 10

Insulin activates in=increase in cholesterol and absorption.

Glucagon inactivates, decreases cholesterol and absorption

Question 11

What do statins do? Side effects?

Answer 11

Inhibit HMG CoA Reductase.

Can increase risk of diabetes, Muscle pain.

Question 12

How do statins cause muscle pain?

Answer 12

Statins inhibit cholesterol production, which is used to create Ubiquinone. This is used in the electron transport chain.

Question 13

What are the steps of plaque formation?

Answer 13

1. LDL-B enters through endothelium
2. LDL-B is oxidized
3. Oxidized LDL-B attracts macrophages
4. Macrophages become lipid laden and turn into foam cells.
5. Foam cells accumulate and induce inflammation
6. Plaque consists of foam cells and white blood cells

Question 14

What blood pressure is considered hypertension?

Answer 14

140/90 or above.