Blood glucose regulation

Question 1

GLUT (Glucose Transporter) proteins

Answer 1

GLUT (Glucose Transporter) proteins facilitate transport of glucose

Question 2

GLUT1

Answer 2

GLUT1 – basal glucose uptake without insulin.

Question 3

GLUT4

Answer 3

GLUT4 – insulinregulated. Can increase glucose uptake 20-30 fold

Question 4

GLUT2

Answer 4

GLUT2 mediates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 5

Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)

Answer 5

Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) upregulated by physical activity and PGC1⍺ activity or cold temperature increasing energy expenditure

Question 6

Glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 6

Glucose-6-phosphate – glucose storage. G6PC2 (rs560887) SNP results in higher fasting blood glucose

Question 7

Regulation of Blood Glucose

Answer 7

Question 8

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Answer 8

Diabetes mellitus (DM) = a group of metabolic disorders with persistent hyperglycaemia caused by deficient insulin secretion, resistance to the action of insulin, or both

Question 9

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM)

Answer 9

Autoimmune — absolute insulin deficiency

Question 10

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM)

Answer 10

Insulin resistance / relative deficiency

Question 11

Prediabetes

Answer 11

Hyperglycaemia. ↑ risk T2DM and metabolic syndrome

Question 12

Gestational diabetes

Answer 12

Develops during pregnancy. Normally resolves but poses a risk for development of T2DM in the future

Question 13

Secondary diabetes

Answer 13

Pancreatic diseases (e.g., chronic pancreatitis), acromegaly, Cushing’s, hyperthyroidism, corticosteroid treatment

Question 14

Blood sugar levels in diagnosing diabetes

Answer 14