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block 5 Anna > block 5 lecture 14 basal ganglia and cerebellar > Flashcards

block 5 lecture 14 basal ganglia and cerebellar Flashcards

1
Q

briefly what does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinates ongoing movement, balance, muscle tone

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2
Q

briefly what does the basal ganglia do?

A

selects and initialtes voluntary movement

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3
Q

briefly what does the cerebral cortex do?

A

initiate movement

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4
Q

how do the basal ganglia and cerebellum improve accuracy?

A

feedback loops using motor and sensory systems

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5
Q

what presents if there is damage to the cerebellum?

A

jerky movement, uncoordinated, inacurate, ataxia

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6
Q

what presents if there is damage to the basal ganglia?

A

uncontrolled movement at rest

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7
Q

what is the motor circuits involving upper motor neurons?

A

cerebral cortex to the brainstem/spinal cord

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8
Q

what are the two motor circuits of the lower motor neurons?

A

brain stem to the head muscles and then movement

spinal cord to the body muscles and then movement

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9
Q

what are the fold of the cerebellum called?

A

folia

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10
Q

where is the vermis in the cerebellum?

A

middle

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11
Q

where is grey and white matter in the cerebellum?

A

white matter is in the middle and grey matter is on the outside

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12
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

comparer function and motor memory

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13
Q

what is the comparer function of the cerebellum?

A

detects difference in motor function, there is a difference between actual ad intended movement, correction of ongoing movement

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14
Q

what is the motor memory function of the cerebellum?

A

stores learned movement, changes from conscious to unconscious,

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15
Q

what are the three main divisions of the cerebellum?

A

cerebrocerebellum
spinocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum

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16
Q

where does the cerebrocerebellum receive inputs?

A

cerebral cortex

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17
Q

what does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A

regulation of highly skilled movements

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18
Q

where does the spinocerebellum receive inputs?

A

direct input from the spinal cord

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19
Q

what does the spinocerebellum do?

A

laterally: movement of the distal muscles
centrally: movement of the proximal muscles

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20
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum made up of?

A

nodulus and flocculus

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21
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum receive inputs from?

A

vestibular nucei and brainstem

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22
Q

what does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A

movements for posture and balance

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23
Q

what is the cerebellum attatched to the brainstem by?

A

peduncles

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24
Q

what are the superior cerebellar peducles?

A

efferent pathways from the cerebellum - motor commands

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25
Q

what are the middle cerebellar peducles?

A

afferent pathways - sensory info

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26
Q

what are the inferior cerebellar peducles?

A

afferent and efferent pathways

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27
Q

where are the main inputs to the cerebellum form?

A

frontal and parietal cortex

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28
Q

how do the frontal and parietal cortex inputs enter the cerebellum?

A

pontine nuclei

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29
Q

what part of the cerebellum do commands from one side of the brain supply in the cerebellum?

A

opposide due to crossing the midline

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30
Q

where do information about proprioception, vestibular system, visual and auditory come from for the cerebellum?

A

spinal cord and vestibular nuclei

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31
Q

how does the proprioception, vestibular system, visual and auditory information enter?

A

ipsilaterally

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32
Q

what does the inferior olive nuceli provide the cerebellum?

A

information about timing, learning and memory

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33
Q

where do all the inputs to there cerebellum enter through?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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34
Q

from the deep cerebellar nuclei where are the neurons sent?

A

thalamus

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35
Q

what do the neurons from the cerebellum synapse with in the thalamus?

A

primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex

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36
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum relay information to?

A

fastigial nuclei

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37
Q

where does the spinocerebellum relay information to?

A

interposal nuclei

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38
Q

where does the cerebrocerebellum relay information to?

A

dentate nuclei

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39
Q

where do the inputs of the cerebellum come through?

A

climbing fibers which originate in the inferior olive

mossy fibers

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40
Q

what are the outputs of the cerebellum sent via?

A

purkinje fibers

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41
Q

what is a feature of the purkinje fibers?

A

highly branched

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42
Q

what are interneurons?

A

granule/satellite/golgi and basket cells

43
Q

what is the outer layer of the cerebellum?

A

outer layer: molecular layer

44
Q

what is the middle layer of the cerebellum?

A

purkinje

45
Q

what is the inner layer of the cerebellum?

A

granule cell layer

46
Q

what cell contains most of the input to the cerebellum?

A

mossy fibers

47
Q

what do the mossy fibers synapse with?

A

granule cells

48
Q

what do the granule cells do?

A

send an axon which goes to the molecular layer and for fibers that are parallel with the surface of the cerebellar cortex

49
Q

what do the granule cells synapse with?

A

dendrites of the purkinje cells

50
Q

where do the purkinje cells receive input from

A

granule cells and climbing fibers

51
Q

where do the climbing fibers originate from?

A

inferior olive

52
Q

what do the climbing fibers carry?

A

error signals

53
Q

what do granule cells receive input from?

A

climbing fibers

54
Q

what is the granule cell output

A

T shaped parallel fiber

55
Q

what do the purkinje cells synapse with?

A

neurons deep in the cerebellar nuclei

56
Q

what do the purkinje fibers use at the synapse?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter - GABA

57
Q

what is GABA?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

58
Q

how are the climbing fibers structured in relation to the purkinje fibers?

A

twist around the dendrites

59
Q

with cerebellar damage where are the movement errors?

A

on the same side

60
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum responsible for?

A

balance and eye movements

61
Q

what is the spinocerebellum responsible for?

A

impaired gait

62
Q

what is the cerebroocerebellum responsible for?

A

highly skilled movements

63
Q

what is dysnergia?

A

loss of synergistic multi joint movement

64
Q

what is dysmetria?

A

inability to judge distance

65
Q

what is dydiodochokinesia?

A

cant do rapid alternating movements

66
Q

what is intentional tremmor?

A

tremmor when trying to move

67
Q

what is ataxic dysarthria?

A

slurred speech

68
Q

what can heavy drinking damage?

A

anterior cerebellum

69
Q

what does damage to the anterior cerebellum do?

A

affects movement of the lower limbs

70
Q

why cant you tickle yourself?

A

somatosensory cortex receives signals from the cerebellum to supress the sensation

71
Q

what are the series of nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

caudate, putamne, globus, substantia niagra/ sub-thalamic

72
Q

what is the caudate and putamen input zone called?

A

striatum

73
Q

what is the input zone of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra?

A

pars reticula

74
Q

what are the motor functions of the basal ganglia?

A

exerts an inhibitory influence to modulate initiation or termination of motor commands from the motor cortex
selects and maintains voluntary movement
can suppress inappropriate movements

75
Q

what are the non motor functions of the basal ganglia?

A

cognition, working memory and attention

76
Q

where do the main input to the basal ganglia come in to?

A

striatum

77
Q

what is the excitatory neurotransmitter used in the striatum?

A

glutamate

78
Q

where does information come from and go to in the corticostriatum pathway?

A

from the cortex: fronatl and parietal lobes

to the striatum

79
Q

where does information come from and go to in the nigrostiatal pathway?

A

substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum

80
Q

neeurotransmitter in the nigrostiatal pathway?

A

dopamine

81
Q

what are the medium spiny neurons?

A

neurons in the striatum that receive input

82
Q

what is the output pathway from the striatum for eye movements?

A

striatum to substantia nigra pars reticular to superior colliculus

83
Q

what is the output pathway from the striatum for limb and truck movements?

A

striatum to globus pallidus internal to thalamus to frontal cortex

84
Q

what does the direct pathway do?

A

accelerator of movement, removes inhibition of the thalamus

85
Q

what does the indirect pathway do?

A

inhibitor effect

86
Q

what are the neurotransmitter of the indirect and direct pathways?

A

dopamine

87
Q

what is the receptor in the direct pathway?

A

D1

88
Q

what is the receptor in the indirect pathway?

A

D2

89
Q

what happens in the direct pathway?

A

globus pallidus tonically inhibits thalamus during the excitation of the motor cortex

90
Q

what is parkinsons caused by?

A

hereditory or damage

91
Q

what does hypokinesia disorder mean?

A

paucity of movement

92
Q

what are the clinical characteristics of parkinsons?

A

T tremor
R ridgidity of movement
A akinsthia
P postural problems

93
Q

what happens to the pathways in parkinsons?

A

direct pathway is decreased and the indirect pathway is increased

94
Q

what happens in parkinsons?

A

death of the cells of the substantia nigra which reduces dopaminergic effects of D1 and D2 receptors

95
Q

what are the treatments of parkinsosn?

A 
L-DOPA
dopamine agonists
foetal cell transplants
deep brain stimulation
pallidotomy
thalatomy
96
Q

what does LDOPA do in parkinsons?

A

precurser of dopamine, boosts dopamine levels in the substantia nigra neurons

97
Q

what do dopamine agonists do in parkinsons?

A

stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum

98
Q

what happen in foetal cell transplant in parkinsons?

A

foetal mesencephalic cells are put in the putamen

99
Q

what is huntingtons?

A

genetic disease on chromosome 4

100
Q

what happens in huntingtons?

A

loss of output neurons of striatum, cortical motor cortex is over activated

101
Q

what is the treatment of huntingtons?

A

tetrabenzine

102
Q

what does tetrabenzine do for huntintons treatment?

A

depletes dopamine

103
Q

what is heminbalismus?

A

flinging movement of the limbs on one side of the body due to damage to subthalamic nucleus

104
Q

what is the treatment in huntingtons?

A

depleting dopamine levels

block 5 Anna (16 decks)

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