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block 5 Anna > block 5 lecture 12 testing the muscles > Flashcards

block 5 lecture 12 testing the muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main types of movement?

A

reflex, rhymthmic, voluntary

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the motor system?

A

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

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3
Q

where do the upper motor neurons arise?

A

in the primary motor cortex

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4
Q

what do the upper motor neurons descend in?

A

the spinal cord

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5
Q

where do most upper motor neurons decussate?

A

medulla

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6
Q

what does the decussation of the upper motor neurons in the medulla give rise to?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

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7
Q

what is the tract called of those upper motor neurons that dont decussate in the m edulla?

A

ipsilateral corticospinal tract

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8
Q

where do the upper motor neurons synapse in the spinal cord?

A

spinal level of relevant spinal nerve with anterior horn cells

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9
Q

what are the inputs for movement to be coordinated?

A

premotor cortex, cerebellum/brain stem and directly by spinal reflexes

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10
Q

what is the extra-pyramidal system for?

A

balance, coordination, fine movement

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11
Q

what are the pyramidal tracts through?

A

cortocospinal tracts

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12
Q

what would you observe with upper motor neuron lesions?

A

muscle weakness, increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflex, clasp knife response, babinski sign

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13
Q

what would you expect to see with lower motor neuron lesions?

A

muscle weakness, reduced muscle tone, absent reflexes, muscle atrophy, muscle fasiculation

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14
Q

what do you get with extrapyramidal lesions?

A

dystonia, akisthisia, parkinsonism, dyskinesia

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15
Q

what is dystonia?

A

spasms

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16
Q

what is akisthisia?

A

motor restlessness`

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17
Q

dyskinesia?

A

jerky movements

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18
Q

what do you get with cerebellar lesions?

A

ipsilateral loss of coordination, past-pointing, disdiadochokinesia, ataxic gait, nystagmus,, dysarthria

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19
Q

disdiadochokinesia

A

ability to change direction quickly

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20
Q

nystagmus

A

rapid eye movements

21
Q

dysarthria

A

muscles of speech affected

22
Q

examples of upper motor neuron lesions?

A

stroke,MS,traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy

23
Q

examples of lower motor neuron lesions?

A

bells palsy, gillian bare syndrome, motor neurone diseases

24
Q

what happens in brown sequard syndrome?

A

half the spinal cord is damaged

25
Q

what are the consequences of brown sequard syndrome?

A

loss of ipsilateral fine touch and proprioception

loss of controlateral pain and temperature

26
Q

what is anterior cord syndrom caused by?

A

damage to circulation

27
Q

what are the consequences of anterior cord syndrome?

A

loss of pain and temperature

28
Q

what happens to fine touch and proprioception in anterior cord syndrome?

A

preserved fine touch and proprioception

29
Q

what happens in central cord syndrome?

A

variable sensory loss, motor deficits more in upper limbs

30
Q

what are myofibril gathered into?

A

muscle fibers

31
Q

wheredo motor neurons synapse with muscle?

A

neuromuscular junction

32
Q

what happens when the neurotransmitters released?

A

the sarcolemma propagates an action potantial

33
Q

what does the action potential generated in the sarcolemma travel down?

A

T tubules

34
Q

what does the action potential traveling down the T tubules cause?

A

causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium

35
Q

what does calcium cause?

A

acts on myofibrils allowing muscle to shorten

36
Q

what happens when calcium exposes the binding site between the actin and myosin?

A

the filaments slide over one another

37
Q

when is energy needed during muscle contraction?

A

to break bonds

38
Q

where does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release the calcium ions to during muscle contraction?

A

cytosol

39
Q

what do the calcium ions bind to once in the cytosol?

A

troponin on the actin filaments

40
Q

how is the myosin binding site exposed on the actin molecule

A

tropomyosin moves once calcium binds

41
Q

what happens when the actin myosin binding site is exposed?

A

myosin cross bridges bind to the actin and strokes forward pulling actin

42
Q

why do you get rigor mortis?

A

there is no energy to relax muscle

43
Q

what happens in isometric muscle contraction?

A

muscle stays at a constant length

44
Q

what are the different types of muscle contraction?

A

isometric, isotoinic and isokinetic

45
Q

what is isotonic muscle contraction

A

contraction against natural resistance

46
Q

what is isokinetic muscle contrction?

A

sports training

47
Q

what is concentric muscle contraction?

A

muscle shortens

48
Q

what is eccentric muscle contraction?

A

muscles may lengthen when contracting

block 5 Anna (16 decks)

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