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block 5 Anna > block 5 lecture 1 lococmotion > Flashcards

block 5 lecture 1 lococmotion Flashcards

1
Q

what two things is the locomotion system responsible for?

A

propelling us forward and stopping us falling over

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2
Q

advantages of being bipedal? (3)

A

frees our hands, elevates our heads and allow us to walk on uneven terrain

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3
Q

disadvantages of walking bipedally?

A

biochemical challenge

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4
Q

what is the gait cycle?

A

how our limbs interact with the ground, heal coming into contact with the ground twice

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5
Q

what are the two main phases of the gait cycle?

A

stance phase and swing phase

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6
Q

what are the relative percentages of the stance and swing phases?

A

stance: 60%
swing: 40%

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7
Q

during running both feet are off the ground, what is the role of tendon?

A

tendons absorb and release energy during running

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8
Q

when muscles surrounding bones contract what forms around joints?

A

torque

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9
Q

what is the torque?

A

the rotational force

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10
Q

what are agonist and antagonistic muscle?

A

upon contraction cause opposing motions

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11
Q

if a muscle actively contracts is this accentric or eccentric?

A

accentric

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12
Q

if a muscle length increases is this accentric or eccentric?

A

eccentric

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13
Q

what do synergistic muscles do?

A

they do the same thing

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14
Q

what are tendons?

A

tough bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

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15
Q

what do ligaments attach?

A

bone to bone

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16
Q

what does the cerebellum do in relation to locomotion?

A

motor control and balance

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17
Q

where does the cerebellum receive information from?

A

the spinal cord

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18
Q

what does the cerebellum do with the information it receives from the spinal cord?

A

processes it and fine tunes motor control

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19
Q

what is flexion?

A

reduction of an angle at a joint

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20
Q

what is the opposite of flexion?

A

extension

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21
Q

some joints don’t conform to usual definitions of flexion and extension, what is nodding of the head forward?

A

flexion

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22
Q

some joints don’t conform to usual definitions of flexion and extension, what is moving leg backwards?

A

extension

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23
Q

what is abduction?

A

move a limb away from the midline

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24
Q

what is it called when you move a limb closer to the mid line?

A

aduction

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25
Q

what is dorsiflexion?

A

moving the toes upwards

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26
Q

what is plantar flexion?

A

pointing the toes down wards

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27
Q

what is a main extension muscle at the hip?

A

glutenous maximus

28
Q

where does the glutenous maximus insert in the femur?

A

proximal aspect of the femur

29
Q

in relation to the glutenous maximus where do you fine the glutenous mimimus and medius?

A

deep to the glutinous maximu

30
Q

what do the glutenous mimimus and medius cause?

A

abduction

31
Q

what is the sartorious good for?

A

lateral rotation of the hip

32
Q

what do the quadriceps do? (2)

A

extension of the knee and flexion of the thigh

33
Q

what do the hamstring do? (2)

A

flex the knee and extend the thigh

34
Q

what are the antagonist and agonist pair in the thigh?

A

hamstring and quads

35
Q

what muscle causes dorsiflexion of the foot?

A

tibialis anterior

36
Q

what causes plantar-flexion?

A

gastronemeus contraction

37
Q

what is the arch in the foot good for?

A

weight transfer

38
Q

where is the center of mass?

A

in the pelvis in the 2nd … vertebrae

39
Q

standing bipedally where does the centre of mass lie over

A

over base of support, slightly forward

40
Q

what position is the foot in during heal strike?

A

dorsiflexion

41
Q

during the stance phase how is swing deccelerated?

A

contraction of hip extensors (glutenous maximus)

42
Q

during the stance phase what preserves the longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot

43
Q

during the loading phase what is done to decelerate mass?

A

ankle plantar flexors (triceps surae)

44
Q

how is the pelvis stabilized during the loading phase?

A

hip abductors (glutenous medius and minimus)

45
Q

what accelerates mass during terminal stance phase?

A

plantar flexors

46
Q

what preserves the arch of the foot during the terminal stance phase?

A

intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot

47
Q

during the pre-swing phase what decelerates the thingh

A

flexor of the hip

48
Q

during the preswing phase what accelerates mass?

A

long flexors of the digits

49
Q

during the preswing phase what preserves the arches of the foot?

A

intrinsic muscles of the foot and the long tendons of the foot

50
Q

what is used to accelerate the thigh during initial swing?

A

flexor of the hip

51
Q

what is used to clear the foot during the initial swing phase?

A

ankle dorsi flexors

52
Q

what decelerates the thigh during the terminal swing?

A

hip extensors

53
Q

what can affect locomotion?

A

structural damage, ageing, foot wear, arthiritis

54
Q

how does ageing change locomotion?

A

reduces stride length

55
Q

within the stance phase what are the subsections?

A

heel strike, loading phase, terminal stance

56
Q

what happens to gait in antalgic gait?

A

reduces lime and loading on one foot
decreased stance phase
limp

57
Q

what happens in ataxis gait?

A

unsteady uncoordinated walk
wide base
heal toe = double tap

58
Q

what happens in Parkinson gait?

A

involuntary movemtn, short accelerating steps on tip toes

59
Q

what happens in myopathic gait?

A

pelvis is not stabalised due to muscular diseases so patient tilts towards non weight baring leg

60
Q

what happens in neuropathic gait?

A

dorsi flexors are weak, high stepping gait to avoid leg dragging

61
Q

how is the pelvis adapted for bipedal walking?

A

curled iliac blades and wight is distributed

62
Q

what happens in trendelburg gait?

A

small glutes, pelvis cant keep straight, upper body rotates towards affected side

63
Q

how is the femur adapted for bipedal walking?

A

large head, angle brings base of support closer to the centre of mass

64
Q

how is the iliofemoral ligament adapted for bipedal walking?

A

stops trunk rotating backwards

65
Q

how is the vertebrae adapted to bipedal walking?

A

curved and ensure the centre of mass is positioned over the foot

66
Q

what ios good about the arch of the foor in bipedal walking?

A

good for weight transfer

block 5 Anna (16 decks)

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