block 5 lecture 1 lococmotion Flashcards
what two things is the locomotion system responsible for?
propelling us forward and stopping us falling over
advantages of being bipedal? (3)
frees our hands, elevates our heads and allow us to walk on uneven terrain
disadvantages of walking bipedally?
biochemical challenge
what is the gait cycle?
how our limbs interact with the ground, heal coming into contact with the ground twice
what are the two main phases of the gait cycle?
stance phase and swing phase
what are the relative percentages of the stance and swing phases?
stance: 60%
swing: 40%
during running both feet are off the ground, what is the role of tendon?
tendons absorb and release energy during running
when muscles surrounding bones contract what forms around joints?
torque
what is the torque?
the rotational force
what are agonist and antagonistic muscle?
upon contraction cause opposing motions
if a muscle actively contracts is this accentric or eccentric?
accentric
if a muscle length increases is this accentric or eccentric?
eccentric
what do synergistic muscles do?
they do the same thing
what are tendons?
tough bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
what do ligaments attach?
bone to bone
what does the cerebellum do in relation to locomotion?
motor control and balance
where does the cerebellum receive information from?
the spinal cord
what does the cerebellum do with the information it receives from the spinal cord?
processes it and fine tunes motor control
what is flexion?
reduction of an angle at a joint
what is the opposite of flexion?
extension
some joints don’t conform to usual definitions of flexion and extension, what is nodding of the head forward?
flexion
some joints don’t conform to usual definitions of flexion and extension, what is moving leg backwards?
extension
what is abduction?
move a limb away from the midline
what is it called when you move a limb closer to the mid line?
aduction
what is dorsiflexion?
moving the toes upwards
what is plantar flexion?
pointing the toes down wards
what is a main extension muscle at the hip?
glutenous maximus
where does the glutenous maximus insert in the femur?
proximal aspect of the femur
in relation to the glutenous maximus where do you fine the glutenous mimimus and medius?
deep to the glutinous maximu
what do the glutenous mimimus and medius cause?
abduction
what is the sartorious good for?
lateral rotation of the hip
what do the quadriceps do? (2)
extension of the knee and flexion of the thigh
what do the hamstring do? (2)
flex the knee and extend the thigh
what are the antagonist and agonist pair in the thigh?
hamstring and quads
what muscle causes dorsiflexion of the foot?
tibialis anterior
what causes plantar-flexion?
gastronemeus contraction
what is the arch in the foot good for?
weight transfer
where is the center of mass?
in the pelvis in the 2nd … vertebrae
standing bipedally where does the centre of mass lie over
over base of support, slightly forward
what position is the foot in during heal strike?
dorsiflexion
during the stance phase how is swing deccelerated?
contraction of hip extensors (glutenous maximus)
during the stance phase what preserves the longitudinal arch of the foot?
intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot
during the loading phase what is done to decelerate mass?
ankle plantar flexors (triceps surae)
how is the pelvis stabilized during the loading phase?
hip abductors (glutenous medius and minimus)
what accelerates mass during terminal stance phase?
plantar flexors
what preserves the arch of the foot during the terminal stance phase?
intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot
during the pre-swing phase what decelerates the thingh
flexor of the hip
during the preswing phase what accelerates mass?
long flexors of the digits
during the preswing phase what preserves the arches of the foot?
intrinsic muscles of the foot and the long tendons of the foot
what is used to accelerate the thigh during initial swing?
flexor of the hip
what is used to clear the foot during the initial swing phase?
ankle dorsi flexors
what decelerates the thigh during the terminal swing?
hip extensors
what can affect locomotion?
structural damage, ageing, foot wear, arthiritis
how does ageing change locomotion?
reduces stride length
within the stance phase what are the subsections?
heel strike, loading phase, terminal stance
what happens to gait in antalgic gait?
reduces lime and loading on one foot
decreased stance phase
limp
what happens in ataxis gait?
unsteady uncoordinated walk
wide base
heal toe = double tap
what happens in Parkinson gait?
involuntary movemtn, short accelerating steps on tip toes
what happens in myopathic gait?
pelvis is not stabalised due to muscular diseases so patient tilts towards non weight baring leg
what happens in neuropathic gait?
dorsi flexors are weak, high stepping gait to avoid leg dragging
how is the pelvis adapted for bipedal walking?
curled iliac blades and wight is distributed
what happens in trendelburg gait?
small glutes, pelvis cant keep straight, upper body rotates towards affected side
how is the femur adapted for bipedal walking?
large head, angle brings base of support closer to the centre of mass
how is the iliofemoral ligament adapted for bipedal walking?
stops trunk rotating backwards
how is the vertebrae adapted to bipedal walking?
curved and ensure the centre of mass is positioned over the foot
what ios good about the arch of the foor in bipedal walking?
good for weight transfer
