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block 2 Anna > block 2 lecture 7 acid and base balance > Flashcards

block 2 lecture 7 acid and base balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is pH?

A

hydrogen ion concentration

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2
Q

what is stomach acid pH?

A

2

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3
Q

what is the pH of extracellular fluid?

A

7.4

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4
Q

what is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

what is the pH of blood to sustain life?

A

6.8-8

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6
Q

what is it called if we have a blood pH of below 7.35?

A

acidosis

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7
Q

what is it called if we have a blood pH of above 7.45?

A

alkalosis

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8
Q

at the pH of 7.4 what is the ratio of bicarbonate ions to pCO2?

A

20:1

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9
Q

what happens in the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions can be converted into carbonic acid which can dissociate into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

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10
Q

the body has 3 buffering systems?

A

blood buffering system, respiratory system and renal mechanisms

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11
Q

what are the buffering systems in the blood?

A

bicarbonate buffer, phosphate system and protein buffer system

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12
Q

what is the buffering system in the respiratory system?

A

removal of CO2 by ventilation

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13
Q

what is the buffering system in the renal system?

A

excretion of hydrogen ions and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions

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14
Q

what is the carbon dioxide concentration regulated by?

A

lungs

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15
Q

what is the bicarbonate ion concentration regulated by?

A

kidneys

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16
Q

what does bicarbonate ion convert a strong acid into?

A

weak acid

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17
Q

what converts strong base into a weak base?

A

carbonic acid

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18
Q

what are the two salts of the phosphate system?

A

sodium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium dihydrogen phosphate

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19
Q

what is the alkaline phosphate salt?

A

disodium dihydrogen phosphate

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20
Q

what is the acidic phosphate salt?

A

sodium dihydrogen phosphate

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21
Q

where is the protein buffer system present?

A

plasma and blood

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22
Q

in the plasma what forms weak acids? (protein buffer system)

A

carboxylate group and side chains

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23
Q

in the erythrocyte what is the buffer?

A

haemoglobin

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24
Q

when does the amino group release hydrogen? (protein buffer system)

A

in the presence of excess base

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25
Q

what accepts a hydrogen atom in the presence of excess acid? (protein buffer system)

A

carboxyl group

26
Q

what is important about hemoglobin in the protein buffer system?

A

Deoxygenated haemoglobin has a high capacity to bind to hydrogen ions which is then released when oxygen enters the capillaries. Haemoglobin prevents the fall in pH when more carbon dioxide enters the capillaries.

27
Q

what happens to carbon dioxide in the lungs?

A

bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions in the blood form carbonic acid which dissociates into water and carbon dioxide which is then removed by ventilation

28
Q

what happens when metabolic activity increases to pH?

A

this increases the carbon dioxide concentration ad so the hydrogen ion concentration causing pH to fall

29
Q

what does increased metabolic activity do to ventilation?

A

lowers pH which is detected by chemoreceptors which stimulate pulmonary ventilation

30
Q

what do the kidneys do in the renal system of buffering in short?

A

excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

31
Q

where does bicarbonate reabsorption occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted trubule

32
Q

where does most bicarbonate reabsorption occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

33
Q

what does bicarbonate ions combine with to form carbonic acid? (renal system)

A

hydrogen ions

34
Q

what dissociates carbonic acid? (renal system)

A

carbonic anhydrase

35
Q

where do you find carbonic anhydrase? (renal system)

A

brush border membrane

36
Q

what does carbonic anhydrase dissociate into? (renal system)

A

carbon dioxide and water

37
Q

where does the carbon dioxide from dissociated carbonic acid go? (renal system)

A

it diffuses across the apical membrane and the tubular cell

38
Q

what happens to the carbon dioxide in the tubular cell? (renal system)

A

combines with water and forms carbonic acid

39
Q

what happens to the carbonic acid in the tubular cell? (renal system)

A

rapidly dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

40
Q

what is on the apical membrane to remove hydrogen ions?

A

hydrogen ATPase

41
Q

where do the hydrogen ions go from the hydrogen ATPase? (renal system)

A

lumen tubule filtrate

42
Q

what happens to the bicarbonate and sodium ions from the tubular cell? (renal system)

A

pumped across the intracellular space into peritubular capillaries

43
Q

how much reabsorption does the DCT do? (renal system)

A

10%

44
Q

what does the DCT do? (renal system)

A

brings about the removal of acid

45
Q

why does the pH fall in the collecting ducts?

A

the distal nephron is impermeable to hydrogen ions as there

46
Q

what are the mechanisms which try to restore the acid base balance celled?

A

compensation

47
Q

what are the two compensatory mechanisms called?

A

respiratory and renal

48
Q

which compensatory system is fast?

A

respiratory

49
Q

what does respiratory acidosis result from?

A

accumulation of carbon dioxide due to a failure of pulmonary ventilation

50
Q

what does metabolic acidosis result from?

A

accumulating non-volatile acid

51
Q

what can respiratory acidosis be caused by?

A

airway obstruction, COPD, asthma, CNS lesion, anasthesia

52
Q

what can metabolic acidosis be caused by?

A

formation of acidic ketone bodies, lactic acid build up, reduced ability to excrete acid, diabetes

53
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis?

A

increase in pH and decrease in blood pCO2, sustained hyperventilation

54
Q

what can cause sustained hyperventilation in respiratory alkalosis?

A

anxious, hypoxia, high altitude, fever, brain stem damage - pons

55
Q

what can cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

vomiting, taking antacids

56
Q

what is the other buffer of the renal system?

A

ammonia

57
Q

what catalyses the production of ammonia?

A

glutaminase

58
Q

where do you find glutaminase?

A

PCT

59
Q

what is ammonia produced from?

A

ammonia rich amino acids

60
Q

how does ammonia help remove hydrogen ions?

A

ammonia comebines with hydrogen ions forming the ammonium ion which is removed by a carrier protein

block 2 Anna (10 decks)

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