block 2 lecture 6 respiratory tract defence mechanism

Question 1

what is the route air takes to enter the lungs?

Answer 1

enter the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi… bronchioles, terminal bronchi, alveoli

Question 2

what is tonicity?

Answer 2

cells drying out

Question 3

what prevents cells from tonicity?

Answer 3

mucous layer, secreted by goblet cells

Question 4

what is important for the conducting system during inhilation?

Answer 4

they are held open as the lungs cause a sucking motion

Question 5

what shape is the cartilage in the trachea?

Answer 5

Cshaped

Question 6

which side do you find the tracheal cartilage?

Answer 6

on the anterior side

Question 7

why is the tracheal cartilage not on the posterior side?

Answer 7

allows flexability during swallowing

Question 8

what is the respiratory mucosa?

Answer 8

pseudostratified ciliated

Question 9

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

Answer 9

all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

Question 10

what are basal cells?

Answer 10

stem cells

Question 11

why are the basal cells stem cells?

Answer 11

short and so wont be dried out

Question 12

what are cilia?

Answer 12

long processes that can move

Question 13

what allows cilia to move?

Answer 13

microtubules

Question 14

in the bronchioloes what is the epithelium?

Answer 14

cuboidal

Question 15

in the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi what is the epithelium?

Answer 15

columnar

Question 16

what are the bronchi held open by?

Answer 16

cartilage plates

Question 17

where would you find olfactory epithelium?

Answer 17

top of the nose

Question 18

what are the cells surrounding the olfactory cells called?

Answer 18

sustentacular

Question 19

what are alveoli?

Answer 19

thin walled air spaces where gas exchange takes place

Question 20

what are alveolar ducts?

Answer 20

passages in between alveoli and allow the air to reach all the alveoli

Question 21

what has the air got to pass through to reach the red cells?

Answer 21

alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium

Question 22

what is special about the basal lamina of the alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium?

Answer 22

they have fused together

Question 23

what are type 2 alveolar cells?

Answer 23

they secrete pulmonary surfactant

Question 24

what is the purpose of the pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 24

they release surface tension of the alveoli stopping alveoli closing in on themselves

Question 25

why are elastic fibers important?

Answer 25

the lungs are constantly expanding and contracting

Question 26

what do the veins in the nose do?

Answer 26

humidify and warm the air

Question 27

what happens if a particle enters the respiratory tract?

Answer 27

cough/sneeze

Question 28

what is coughing/sneezing?

Answer 28

sudden expulsions of air to remove mucus

Question 29

what other defence mechanisms do we have?

Answer 29

lysosomes and macrophages and lymphocytes