block 2 lecture 6 respiratory tract defence mechanism Flashcards
what is the route air takes to enter the lungs?
enter the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi… bronchioles, terminal bronchi, alveoli
what is tonicity?
cells drying out
what prevents cells from tonicity?
mucous layer, secreted by goblet cells
what is important for the conducting system during inhilation?
they are held open as the lungs cause a sucking motion
what shape is the cartilage in the trachea?
Cshaped
which side do you find the tracheal cartilage?
on the anterior side
why is the tracheal cartilage not on the posterior side?
allows flexability during swallowing
what is the respiratory mucosa?
pseudostratified ciliated
what is pseudostratified epithelium?
all cells are in contact with the basal lamina
what are basal cells?
stem cells
why are the basal cells stem cells?
short and so wont be dried out
what are cilia?
long processes that can move
what allows cilia to move?
microtubules
in the bronchioloes what is the epithelium?
cuboidal
in the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi what is the epithelium?
columnar
what are the bronchi held open by?
cartilage plates
where would you find olfactory epithelium?
top of the nose
what are the cells surrounding the olfactory cells called?
sustentacular
what are alveoli?
thin walled air spaces where gas exchange takes place
what are alveolar ducts?
passages in between alveoli and allow the air to reach all the alveoli
what has the air got to pass through to reach the red cells?
alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium
what is special about the basal lamina of the alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium?
they have fused together
what are type 2 alveolar cells?
they secrete pulmonary surfactant
what is the purpose of the pulmonary surfactant?
they release surface tension of the alveoli stopping alveoli closing in on themselves
why are elastic fibers important?
the lungs are constantly expanding and contracting
what do the veins in the nose do?
humidify and warm the air
what happens if a particle enters the respiratory tract?
cough/sneeze
what is coughing/sneezing?
sudden expulsions of air to remove mucus
what other defence mechanisms do we have?
lysosomes and macrophages and lymphocytes
