BIOSAFETY Flashcards
These are measures employed when handling biohazardous materials
to avoid infecting oneself, others or the environment
BIOSAFETY
“PROTECTING PEOPLE FROM BAD BUGS”
BIOSAFETY
How is biosafety implemented
The containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins or their accidental release (WHO, 2006)
These are measures employed to protect biohazardous materials, or critical relevant information, against theft or diversion by those who tend to pursue intentional misuse
BIOSECURITY
How is biosecurity implemented
The protection, control and accountability for valuable
biological materials within laboratories in order to prevent unauthorized
access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or
intentional release (WHO, 2006)
• risk associated to biological toxins or infectious agents
BIORISK
a system or process to control safety and security risks associated with the handling or storage and disposal
of biological agents and toxins in
laboratories and facilities (CWA 15793:2011)
BIORISK MANAGEMENT
• The International Standard for any organization that tests, stores, transports, works with, or disposes of hazardous biological materials
ISO 35001:2019
The biorisk management system
is based on a________ approach, which enables an organization to effectively identify, assess, control, and evaluate the biosafety and biosecurity risks inherent in its activities
management system
The model is an iterative process used by organizations to achieve continual improvement of processes and products.
PDCA
• : establish objectives, programs, and
processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization’s biorisk management policy;
• : implement the processes as planned;
• : monitor and measure activities and
processes about the biorisk management policy and objectives, and report the results;
• : take actions to continually improve the biorisk management performance to achieve the intended outcomes.
Plan
Do
Check
Act
• The intentional release or threat of release of biologic agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi or their toxins) in order to cause disease or death among human population or food crops and livestock to terrorize a civilian population or manipulate the government (CDC)
BIOTERRORISM
may be the first to identify an unusual organism or cluster of isolates that may signal a bioterrorism event
Laboratories/ medtechs
Biosafety Levels
RITM
Microbes are dangerous and exotic, posing a high risk of aerosol-transmitted infections, which are frequently fatal without treatment or vaccines.
Few labs are at this level.
BSL 4
Biosafety Levels
Microbes are indigenous or exotic and cause serious of potentially lethal diseases through respiratory transmission.
BSL 3
Biosafety Levels
Microbes are typically indigenous and are associated with diseases of varying severity.
They pose moderate risk to workers and the environment.
BSL 2
Biosafety Levels
Microbes are not known to cause disease in healthy hosts and pose minimal risk to workers and the environment.
BSL 1
Biosafety Levels
Ebola and Marburg viruses
4
Biosafety Levels
M. tuberculosis
BSL 3
Biosafety Levels
SAU
BSL 2
Biosafety Levels
E. coli
BSL 1
Easily disseminated and/or transmitted from person to person
Can result in high mortality rates with a major public health impact
Might cause public panic
Category A
Moderately easy to disseminate
Moderate morbidity and low mortality
May require enhanced
CDC diagnostic capacity
Category B
Availability
Ease of production and dissemination
Potential for high morbidity and mortality
Category C
COMMON BIOTERRORISM AGENTS
• Anthrax
• Plague
• Brucella
• Tularemia
• Botulism
• Smallpox
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
ANTHRAX
•
• high fatality rate (90%); breathing spores from infected animals and/or contaminated animal products
Inhalation
• Inoculation or contamination of pre-existing lesion or skin break
Cutaneous anthrax
•
• Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal
Gastrointestinal anthrax
ANTHRAX
Tests and specimens
Culture: (3) (rapidly growing nonhemolytic, nonpigmented dry ‘ground glass’ colonies with irregular edges having comma-shaped projections)
blood, CSF, wounds
ANTHRAX
Tests and specimens
: determines extent of spore spread in population
Nasal culture
ANTHRAX
Tests and specimens
Immunohistochemical:
tissue
ANTHRAX
Tests and specimens
: can confirm diagnosis if culture is negative
PCR
ANTHRAX
Tests and specimens
Serology:
ELISA, IFA
Anthrax
• Treatment:
antibiotics (penicillin, quinolones, tetracycline)
PLAGUE
Tests and specimens
Culture: (3)
Direct FA:
Serology:
sputum, blood, lymph
(Direct Fluorescent antibody)
respiratory secretions
F1-V antigen assay
Plague
• Treatment:
antibiotics (tetracycline; quinolones, streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol);
prophylaxis: medication for 7 days
PLAGUE
• The______ in the 14th century killed more than_____ People
Black Death
50 million
Plague
• A zoonotic disease that primarily infects rodents and is caused by a ______transmitted by_____
bacterium (Yersinia pestis)
rat fleas
: bite of an infected flea
: transmission via aerosol droplets from a contaminated animal or an infected patient
: bacterium can survive in monocytes and can be disseminated to all organs
• Bubonic plague
• Pneumonic plague
• Septicemic plague
• Key symptom: pneumonia with nonproductive cough
TULAREMIA
TULAREMIA
Tests and specimens
General laboratory tests not helpful Culture:
Capsular
Serology: ELISA
bacterium does not grow on ordinary media; needs cysteine blood or chocolate agar
AG detection or PCR: whole unclotted blood
nasal, induced respiratory specimens
Direct FA and PCR:
Tularemia
Treatment:
gentamicin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin; doxycycline as prophylaxis
TULAREMIA
• Caused by
Francisella tularensis
TULAREMIA
• : most common form (after a bite from a tick or deer fly or after handling or biting by an infected animal)
Ulcers glandular tularemia
Pneumonia
• most serious form (after inhaling dust and aerosols containing the organism)
Pneumonic tularemia
• Key symptom: pneumonia with nonproductive cough
Tularemia
Clinical evaluation needed; laboratory tests are of no value; toxin assay may be useful if toxin present in serum
BOTULISM
Botulism
PCR and toxin assay:
PCR and toxin assay:
use nasal induced respiratory secretions and blood Supportive treatment
BOTULISM
• Neuroparalytic disease caused by botulinum toxin produced by (3)
• Can cause difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death
C. botulinum, C. argentinense, C. butyricum and C. barati
• The bacterial spores do not usually make people sick, but they can make toxins in certain conditions (low oxygen, low sugar, low salt, pH > 4.5, >3 C)
Botulism
•is common in home-preserved vegetables and meat products (fish, ham, sausage)
Food-borne botulism
BOTULISM
• Supportive treatment
•_____ can be administered up to 24 hours after exposure
• Concern: aerosolization of toxins or intentional contamination of food products
Antitoxin
• Greatest single killer in human history (500 million people dead)
SMALLPOX
Smallpox
• Caused by the_____
• Eradicated in___
Variola major virus
1980
• HIGHEST LEVEL EMERGENCY: submit specimens immediately to public health laboratory
Smallpox
Smallpox
• May be weaponized via aerosol dispersal and contact
• Clinical findings:
• Treatment:
exanthems
vaccinia immune globulin (VIG)
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
ME LAB RCY HD
Marburg
Ebola
Lassa fever
Argentine
Bolivian
Rift valley fever
Crimean Congi
Yellow fever
Hantavirus
Dengue
Ebola
Marburg
Lassa fever
Contact
Hantavirus
Argentine (Junin)
Bolivian (Machupo)
Contact and aerosol
Crimean Congo
Ticks and contact
Rift Valley fever
Dengue
Yellow fever
Mosquito
• An assault on the microvasculature leads to increased permeability, actual disruption, and local hemorrhage
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
• Abrupt onset with fever and myalgia
• Diagnostic clue: travel to endemic, usually rural, area
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
• Diagnosis: clinical evaluation; key finding is vascular involvement (petechiae, bleeding, edema, postural hypotension, etc.)
VHF
• Positive tourniquet test
• Treatment: management of hypotension and fluid loss
VHF
• Note: most VHF has a mortality rate of 15-30% but some like_____ has a high death rate (near 90%)
Ebola
How To Do a Tourniquet Test
- Take the patient’s blood pressure and record it, for example, 100/70.
- Inflate the cuff to a point midway. between SBP and DBP, and maintain for 5 minutes, (100 + 70) + 2 = 85 mm Hg
- Reduce and wait 2 minutes.
- Count…
A positive test is…
petechiae below antecubital fossa
10 or more petechiae per 1 square inch
Biosafety
The (3) that
are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to
pathogens and toxins or their accidental release
containment principles
technologies
practices
Biosecurity
The (3) for valuable biological materials within laboratories in order to prevent unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release
protection
control
accountability
The biorisk management system is based on a _______ approach, which enables an organization to effectively identify, assess, control, and evaluate the biosafety and biosecurity risks inherent in its activities
management system approach
What is the PDCA model?
It is to achieve continual improvement of
processes and products.
Plan: establish objectives, programs, and
processes necessary to deliver results in accordance
with the…..
organization’s biorisk management policy;
