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A level P.E > Biomechanics (1.3) > Flashcards

Biomechanics (1.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Newton 1st law

A

law of inertia

“body continues in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force”

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2
Q

Newton 2nd law

A

law of motion
“when a force acts on an object, the rate of change of momentum experienced by that object is proportional to the size of the force and takes place in the direction which the force acts”

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3
Q

Newton 3rd law

A

“for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

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4
Q

velocity def

A

rate of change of displacement

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5
Q

displacement def

A

shortest straight line route between two points

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6
Q

momentum def

A

quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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7
Q

acceleration def

A

rate of change in velocity

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8
Q

force def

A

a push/pull that alters the state of motion of an object

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9
Q

5 effects of force

A 
creates motion
accelerate a body
decelerate a body
change direction of a body
change shape of a body
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10
Q

netforce

A

if net force positive, it will accelerate

if net force negative, it will decelerate

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11
Q

when do balanced forces occur

A

when net force = 0

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12
Q

friction def

A

force that opposes the motion of 2 surfaces in contact

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13
Q

what effects air resistance (3)

A

velocity it is travelling (faster = more ar)
cross sectional area (larger = more ar)
shape (pointy = less)

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14
Q

2 functions of levers

A

generate muscular effort

increase speed of movement

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15
Q

effort arm

A

distance from fulcrum to effort

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16
Q

load arm

A

distance from fulcrum to load

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17
Q

1st class lever + example

A

fulcrum in middle

heading in football

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18
Q

2nd class lever + example

A

load in middle
effort arm longer
take off e.g vault

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19
Q

3rd class lever + example

A

effort in middle
load arm longer
bicep curl

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20
Q

projectile motion def

A

movement of a body through air, following curved flight path under force of gravity

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21
Q

projectile release def

A

horizontal distance travelled by a projectile.

Affected by 4 factors

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22
Q

projectile release 4 factors

A

speed of release
angle of release
height of release
aerodynamic factors of projectile

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23
Q

speed of release

A

greater force = greater acceleration

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24
Q

angle of release

A

optimal = usually 45 degrees

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25
Q

height of release

A

higher up = further distance

26
Q

flight paths

A

parabola

non parabola

27
Q

non parabola flight paths

A

if air resistance is dominant and weight is small e.g shuttle cock

28
Q

parabola flight paths

A

low air resistance, high weight

29
Q

angular motion def

A

movement of a body in a circular path, around an axis of rotation

30
Q

torque def

A

name for a rotational force

31
Q

eccentric force def

A

force that takes place outside centre of mass

32
Q

3 axis of rotation

A

longitudinal
transverse
frontal

33
Q

longitudinal axis

A

head to toe
through COM
e.g full turn in trampolining

34
Q

transverse axis

A

left to right
through COM
e.g front somersault

35
Q

frontal axis

A

back to front
through COM
e.g cartwheel

36
Q

kinematics

A

study of motion in relation to time and space.

3D image created allowing joint and limb efficiency to be evaluated

37
Q

4 limb kinematics measurements

A

bone goniometer
displacement
velocity
acceleration

38
Q

force plates

A

.measure reaction force through ground - jumping/running

.can mount on a wall

39
Q

wind tunnels

A

analyse:
air resistance/drag
aerodynamic efficiency
e.g DRS/cycle helmets or handles

40
Q

Bernoulli principle

A

.higher velocity of air flow = lower surrounding pressure

.if low pressure is above, then high pressure underneath and vice versa

41
Q

how to create downforce

A

make surface above flat

42
Q

how to create upforce

A

make surface below flat

43
Q

magnus force def

A

force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body

44
Q

magnus effect def

A

creation of an additional Magnus Force on a spinning projectile, which deviates from the flight path

45
Q

spide spin hook

A

side spin which deviates a projectiles flight path to the left

46
Q

side spin slice

A

side spin that deviates a projectiles flight path to the right

47
Q

topspin

A

eccentric force applied above COM

spins downwards, through transverse axis

48
Q

backspin

A

eccentric force applied below COM

spins upwards, through transverse axis

49
Q

radian

A

unit of measurement of the angle through which a body rotates

50
Q

radians equivalents

A

360 degrees = 2 pie radians

1 radian = 57.3 degrees

51
Q

angular momentum

A

.the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body
.must be generated through the use of an eccentric force
.formula!

52
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to change state of angular motion of rotation

53
Q

conservation of angular momentum

A

`as moment of inertia increases, angular velocity decreases, and vice versa
this means
once generated angular momentum is constant, so is a conserved quantity

54
Q

internal forces

A

created by muscular contractions acting on the skeleton

55
Q

external forces (4)

A 
come from outside the body
weight
reaction force
friction
air resistance
56
Q

3 factors effecting friction

A

roughness of surfaces in contact
temperature of surfaces in contact
size of normal reaction

57
Q

stability def

A

ability for a body to resist motion and remain at rest

58
Q

4 factors affecting stability

A

mass of object
height of COM
base of support
line of gravity

59
Q

linear motion def

A

movement of a body in a straight/curved line, where all parts move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same time

60
Q

distance def

A

total length travelled

61
Q

angular velocity

A

rate of change of angular displacement
or
rate of rotation

A level P.E (21 decks)

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