Anatomy and physiology (1.1) Flashcards
Hip joint, flexion (extension)
sagittal plane
agonist - iliopsoas
antagonist - gluteus maximus
Hip joint, adduction (abduction)
frontal plane
agonist - adductor group
antagonist - gluteus minimus/medius
Hip joint, medial rotation (lateral rotation)
transverse plane
agonist - gluteus medius/minimus
antagonist - gluteus maximus
Knee joint, flexion (extension)
sagittal
agonist - bicep femoris
antagonist - rectus femoris
ankle joint, dorsi flexion (plantar flexion)
sagittal
agonist - tibialis anterior
antagonist - gastrocnemius/soleus
wrist joint, flexion (extension)
sagittal
agonist - wrist flexors
antagonist - wrist extendors
elbow joint, flexion (extension)
sagittal
agonist - biceps brachii
antagonist - triceps brachii
shoulder joint, flexion (extension)
sagittal
agonist - anterior deltoid
antagonist - posterior deltoid
shoulder joint, adduction (abduction)
frontal
agonist - latissimus dorsi
antagonist - middle deltoid
shoulder joint, medial rotation (lateral rotation)
transverse
agonist - teres major, subscapularis
antagonist - teres minor
shoulder joint, horizontal flexion (horizontal extension)
transverse
agonist - pectoralis major
antagonist - posterior deltoid
action potential
an electrochemical process that creates muscle contractions
motor unit
1 motor neurone and the muscle fibres attatched
neurotransmitter
A chemical substance that allows an action potential to travel from a motor neuron to the muscle fibres
What is the ‘ferry’ that takes the action potential to the muscle fibre called?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
synaptic cleft
gap between end plate and muscle fibre
4 features of Type 1 fibres
.Slow oxidative .store oxygen (myoglobin) .mitochondria to break down glucose/fats .capillaries .small tension over long time .slow speed - less powerful contraction
4 features of Type 2a fibres
.Fast oxidative glycolytic
.moderate amount of mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries
.large amount of phosphocreatine - good anaerobic capacity
.fast contraction speed
.partially resistant to fatigue
.large amount of force in each contraction
4 features of Type 2b fibres
.Fast glycolytic
.anaerobic - only for short term
.largest fibre type - largest contraction
.fast contraction/relaxation time
.explosive, power athletes
.large stores of phosphocreatine - immediate energy supply
pathway of blood
right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle semi lunar valve pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle semi lunar valve aorta body vena cava
bradycardia
RHR below 60bpm
stroke volume (4)
volume of blood ejected from left ventricle in 1 beat
dependent on venous return
plateaus during submaximal exercise
increases during exercise but only to 40-60% of working capacity
cardiac output
volume of blood ejected from heart in 1 minute
SV x HR
end-diastolic volume
volume of blood in ventricle after relaxation phase
EDV - ESV= SV
end-systolic volume
volume of blood in ventricle after contraction phase
EDV - ESV = SV
submaximal exercise
low to moderate exercise
aerobic capacity
maximal exercise
high intensity
induces fatigue
Starling’s law
.SV is dependent on VR
.if VR increases then so does SV (vice versa)
.Increased stretch of ventricle walls during exercise, means more forceful contraction, which leads to higher SV
Quadriceps group muscles
rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
Hamstrings group
bicep femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
motor nerves
stimulate muscle tissue causing motor movement
sensory nerves
nerves that transmit info to the CNS
receptors
sensory organs that pick up stimuli and relay it to the brain
myogenic
can generate its own electrical impulse
S.A Node
.sinal atrial node
.’pacemaker’
.recieves and sends stimulus
A.V Node
.atrioventricular node
.causes atriums to contract
.right atrium
.helps delay impulse to allow atria to finish contracting
conduction system
.S.A node receives stimulus
.S.A node sends stimulus (wave like impulse)
.Stimulus travels through atria walls and causes them to contract
.Stimulus reaches A.V node
.A.V node helps delay impulse to allow atria to finish contraction
.Stimulus reaches Bundle of His
.Splits into left and right branches
.Impulse spreads around ventricle walls through a network or purkinje fibres
.purkinje fibres causes contraction
proprioreceptors
detect movement
found in muscles, tendons and joints
sends info to cardiac control centre
chemoreceptors
detect pH changes
sends info to the cardiac control centre
baroreceptors
detect change in blood pressure
sends info to the cardiac control centre
atrial systole
.S.A node causes wave like impulse over atria
.Forces blood into ventricles
.Semi-lunar valves close
ventricular systole
.impulse reaches AV node and spreads to Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres
.second contraction across ventricular walls
.atrio-ventricular valves close
.semi-lunar valves open
.blood pushes out into pulmonary artery and aorta
hormonal control
adrenaline or nor adrenaline
bypasses receptors and cardiac control centre
goes directly to SA node
5 mechanisms of venous return
muscle pump respiratory pump gravity pocket valves smooth muscle
vascular shunting
.Vasomotor control centre (VCC) sends message to arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to either vasoconstrict or vasodilate
.More blood is needed to go to working muscles to provide more oxygen
% of oxygen needed by organs vs muscles at rest and during exercise
At rest: 15-20% muscles
80-85% organs
During Exercise: 80-85% muscles
15-20% organs
Internal respiration
Oxygen going to muscles from bloodstream
Carbon dioxide going to bloodstream from muscles
high concentration to low concentration
myoglobin transports oxygen
External respiration
Oxygen entering capillaries from alveoli Carbon dioxide entering alveoli from capillaries high concentration to low concentration Oxygen goes to left atrium carbon dioxide goes to lungs
Mechanics of breathing (5 steps)
.Muscles actively contract or passively relax
.This causes movement of the ribs, sternum, and abdomen
.This causes the thoracic cavity volume to either increase or decrease
.This causes lung capacity to either increase or decrease
.This causes inspiration or expiration
Inspiration at rest (5)
.External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract .rib cage moves up and outwards .increases volume of air in lungs .pressure in lungs decreases .air rushes in
Expiration at rest (5)
.Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax .rib cage moves down and in .volume of air in lungs decreases .pressure in lungs increases .air leaves
Inspiration during exercise (5)
.More muscles needed to contract (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, diaphragm, external intercostal muscles) .rib cage up and out .volume of air in lungs increases .pressure in lungs decreases .air rushes in
Respiratory control centre (4)
.medulla oblongata in the brain controls RCC
.regulates pulmonary respiration
.controls inspiratory and expiratory centres
.works with CCC and VCC
Inspiratory centre at rest
.Sends impulses to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerves
.sends impluses to the external intercostal muslces via the intercostal nerves
.tells them to contract
.this increases lung volume
.the muscles then relax, decreasing the volume again
Expiratory centre at rest
.inactive during rest
.passive
Inspiratory centre during exercise
.Stimulates additional muscles to increase force of contraction and depth of inspiration
Expiratory centre during exercise
.stimulates internal intercostals, rectus abdominals and obliques, causing a forced expiration which reduces duration of inspiration
.causes inspiratory centre to stimulate muscles
.results in exercise intensity, depth of breathing and rate of breathing to all increase
Oxygen transport %
97% carried as oxyhaemoglobin
3% carried within blood plasma
Carbon dioxide transport %
70% cabonic acid (combined with water (plasma) in red blood cells)
23% carried as carbiminohaemoglobin
7% dissolved in plasma
Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve
.informs us of amount of haemoblobin saturated with oxygen
.curve shifts to the right during exercise
.at rest 75% oxygen associated (25% dissociated)
.more dissociates during exercise
4 effects to increase dissociation
increase temperature
increase in carbon dioxide
increase in acid (lactic or carbonic)
decrease partial pressure of oxygen
Breathing rate response to exercise
increases in proportion to exercise intensity
maximum 50-60 breaths per minute
can plateau in sub-maximal exercise
tidal volume response to exercise
initial increase in proportion to exercise
up to around 3 litres
plateaus during sub-maximal
Minute ventilation responses to exercise and recovery
anticipatory rise rapid rise in VE slower rise/plateau continued but slower increase rapid decrease in VE slower decrease
adductor group muscles
adductor brevis adductor longus adductor magnus pectineaus gracillis
pocket valves
prevent back flow
direct blood to heart
muscle pump
muscles surrounding veins push blood by contracting and relaxing
respiratory pump
.pressure changes in thorax and abdomen
.increase in pressure means they squeeze larger veins
.pushes blood towards heart
smooth muscle
smooth muscle in middle layer of veins contracts and relaxes to direct blood
gravity
blood from upper body aided by gravity as it descends
curve shifting to the right
Bohr shift
