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A level P.E > Anatomy and physiology (1.1) > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology (1.1) Flashcards

1
Q

Hip joint, flexion (extension)

A

sagittal plane
agonist - iliopsoas
antagonist - gluteus maximus

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2
Q

Hip joint, adduction (abduction)

A

frontal plane
agonist - adductor group
antagonist - gluteus minimus/medius

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3
Q

Hip joint, medial rotation (lateral rotation)

A

transverse plane
agonist - gluteus medius/minimus
antagonist - gluteus maximus

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4
Q

Knee joint, flexion (extension)

A

sagittal
agonist - bicep femoris
antagonist - rectus femoris

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5
Q

ankle joint, dorsi flexion (plantar flexion)

A

sagittal
agonist - tibialis anterior
antagonist - gastrocnemius/soleus

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6
Q

wrist joint, flexion (extension)

A

sagittal
agonist - wrist flexors
antagonist - wrist extendors

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7
Q

elbow joint, flexion (extension)

A

sagittal
agonist - biceps brachii
antagonist - triceps brachii

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8
Q

shoulder joint, flexion (extension)

A

sagittal
agonist - anterior deltoid
antagonist - posterior deltoid

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9
Q

shoulder joint, adduction (abduction)

A

frontal
agonist - latissimus dorsi
antagonist - middle deltoid

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10
Q

shoulder joint, medial rotation (lateral rotation)

A

transverse
agonist - teres major, subscapularis
antagonist - teres minor

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11
Q

shoulder joint, horizontal flexion (horizontal extension)

A

transverse
agonist - pectoralis major
antagonist - posterior deltoid

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12
Q

action potential

A

an electrochemical process that creates muscle contractions

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13
Q

motor unit

A

1 motor neurone and the muscle fibres attatched

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14
Q

neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance that allows an action potential to travel from a motor neuron to the muscle fibres

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15
Q

What is the ‘ferry’ that takes the action potential to the muscle fibre called?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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16
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between end plate and muscle fibre

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17
Q

4 features of Type 1 fibres

A 
.Slow oxidative
.store oxygen (myoglobin)
.mitochondria to break down glucose/fats
.capillaries
.small tension over long time
.slow speed - less powerful contraction
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18
Q

4 features of Type 2a fibres

A

.Fast oxidative glycolytic

.moderate amount of mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries
.large amount of phosphocreatine - good anaerobic capacity

.fast contraction speed
.partially resistant to fatigue
.large amount of force in each contraction

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19
Q

4 features of Type 2b fibres

A

.Fast glycolytic
.anaerobic - only for short term
.largest fibre type - largest contraction
.fast contraction/relaxation time
.explosive, power athletes
.large stores of phosphocreatine - immediate energy supply

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20
Q

pathway of blood

A 
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
semi lunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
semi lunar valve
aorta
body
vena cava
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21
Q

bradycardia

A

RHR below 60bpm

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22
Q

stroke volume (4)

A

volume of blood ejected from left ventricle in 1 beat
dependent on venous return
plateaus during submaximal exercise
increases during exercise but only to 40-60% of working capacity

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23
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected from heart in 1 minute

SV x HR

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24
Q

end-diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in ventricle after relaxation phase

EDV - ESV= SV

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25
Q

end-systolic volume

A

volume of blood in ventricle after contraction phase

EDV - ESV = SV

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26
Q

submaximal exercise

A

low to moderate exercise

aerobic capacity

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27
Q

maximal exercise

A

high intensity

induces fatigue

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28
Q

Starling’s law

A

.SV is dependent on VR
.if VR increases then so does SV (vice versa)
.Increased stretch of ventricle walls during exercise, means more forceful contraction, which leads to higher SV

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29
Q

Quadriceps group muscles

A

rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis

30
Q

Hamstrings group

A

bicep femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus

31
Q

motor nerves

A

stimulate muscle tissue causing motor movement

32
Q

sensory nerves

A

nerves that transmit info to the CNS

33
Q

receptors

A

sensory organs that pick up stimuli and relay it to the brain

34
Q

myogenic

A

can generate its own electrical impulse

35
Q

S.A Node

A

.sinal atrial node
.’pacemaker’
.recieves and sends stimulus

36
Q

A.V Node

A

.atrioventricular node
.causes atriums to contract
.right atrium
.helps delay impulse to allow atria to finish contracting

37
Q

conduction system

A

.S.A node receives stimulus
.S.A node sends stimulus (wave like impulse)
.Stimulus travels through atria walls and causes them to contract
.Stimulus reaches A.V node
.A.V node helps delay impulse to allow atria to finish contraction
.Stimulus reaches Bundle of His
.Splits into left and right branches
.Impulse spreads around ventricle walls through a network or purkinje fibres
.purkinje fibres causes contraction

38
Q

proprioreceptors

A

detect movement
found in muscles, tendons and joints
sends info to cardiac control centre

39
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect pH changes

sends info to the cardiac control centre

40
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect change in blood pressure

sends info to the cardiac control centre

41
Q

atrial systole

A

.S.A node causes wave like impulse over atria
.Forces blood into ventricles
.Semi-lunar valves close

42
Q

ventricular systole

A

.impulse reaches AV node and spreads to Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres
.second contraction across ventricular walls
.atrio-ventricular valves close
.semi-lunar valves open
.blood pushes out into pulmonary artery and aorta

43
Q

hormonal control

A

adrenaline or nor adrenaline
bypasses receptors and cardiac control centre
goes directly to SA node

44
Q

5 mechanisms of venous return

A 
muscle pump
respiratory pump
gravity
pocket valves
smooth muscle
45
Q

vascular shunting

A

.Vasomotor control centre (VCC) sends message to arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to either vasoconstrict or vasodilate
.More blood is needed to go to working muscles to provide more oxygen

46
Q

% of oxygen needed by organs vs muscles at rest and during exercise

A

At rest: 15-20% muscles
80-85% organs
During Exercise: 80-85% muscles
15-20% organs

47
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxygen going to muscles from bloodstream
Carbon dioxide going to bloodstream from muscles
high concentration to low concentration
myoglobin transports oxygen

48
Q

External respiration

A 
Oxygen entering capillaries from alveoli
Carbon dioxide entering alveoli from capillaries
high concentration to low concentration
Oxygen goes to left atrium
carbon dioxide goes to lungs
49
Q

Mechanics of breathing (5 steps)

A

.Muscles actively contract or passively relax
.This causes movement of the ribs, sternum, and abdomen
.This causes the thoracic cavity volume to either increase or decrease
.This causes lung capacity to either increase or decrease
.This causes inspiration or expiration

50
Q

Inspiration at rest (5)

A 
.External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
.rib cage moves up and outwards
.increases volume of air in  lungs
.pressure in lungs decreases
.air rushes in
51
Q

Expiration at rest (5)

A 
.Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
.rib cage moves down and in
.volume of air in lungs decreases
.pressure in lungs increases
.air leaves
52
Q

Inspiration during exercise (5)

A 
.More muscles needed to contract (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, diaphragm, external intercostal muscles)
.rib cage up and out
.volume of air in lungs increases
.pressure in lungs decreases
.air rushes in
53
Q

Respiratory control centre (4)

A

.medulla oblongata in the brain controls RCC
.regulates pulmonary respiration
.controls inspiratory and expiratory centres
.works with CCC and VCC

54
Q

Inspiratory centre at rest

A

.Sends impulses to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerves
.sends impluses to the external intercostal muslces via the intercostal nerves
.tells them to contract
.this increases lung volume
.the muscles then relax, decreasing the volume again

55
Q

Expiratory centre at rest

A

.inactive during rest

.passive

56
Q

Inspiratory centre during exercise

A

.Stimulates additional muscles to increase force of contraction and depth of inspiration

57
Q

Expiratory centre during exercise

A

.stimulates internal intercostals, rectus abdominals and obliques, causing a forced expiration which reduces duration of inspiration
.causes inspiratory centre to stimulate muscles
.results in exercise intensity, depth of breathing and rate of breathing to all increase

58
Q

Oxygen transport %

A

97% carried as oxyhaemoglobin

3% carried within blood plasma

59
Q

Carbon dioxide transport %

A

70% cabonic acid (combined with water (plasma) in red blood cells)
23% carried as carbiminohaemoglobin
7% dissolved in plasma

60
Q

Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

.informs us of amount of haemoblobin saturated with oxygen
.curve shifts to the right during exercise
.at rest 75% oxygen associated (25% dissociated)
.more dissociates during exercise

61
Q

4 effects to increase dissociation

A

increase temperature
increase in carbon dioxide
increase in acid (lactic or carbonic)
decrease partial pressure of oxygen

62
Q

Breathing rate response to exercise

A

increases in proportion to exercise intensity
maximum 50-60 breaths per minute
can plateau in sub-maximal exercise

63
Q

tidal volume response to exercise

A

initial increase in proportion to exercise
up to around 3 litres
plateaus during sub-maximal

64
Q

Minute ventilation responses to exercise and recovery

A 
anticipatory rise
rapid rise in VE
slower rise/plateau
continued but slower increase
rapid decrease in VE
slower decrease
65
Q

adductor group muscles

A 
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
pectineaus
gracillis
66
Q

pocket valves

A

prevent back flow

direct blood to heart

67
Q

muscle pump

A

muscles surrounding veins push blood by contracting and relaxing

68
Q

respiratory pump

A

.pressure changes in thorax and abdomen
.increase in pressure means they squeeze larger veins
.pushes blood towards heart

69
Q

smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle in middle layer of veins contracts and relaxes to direct blood

70
Q

gravity

A

blood from upper body aided by gravity as it descends

71
Q

curve shifting to the right

A

Bohr shift

A level P.E (21 decks)

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