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GCSE WJEC triple science Y11 wales > BIOLOGY - Response and regulation > Flashcards

BIOLOGY - Response and regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

what does auxin mean

A

plant hormone involved in phototropism

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2
Q

what is benedict’s solution

A

chemical reagent used to test for glucose

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3
Q

what is blood plasma

A

the liquid part of blood that carries soluble substances around the body

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4
Q

what is diabetes

A

a condition which a persons blood glucose may rise to a fatally high level because the body does not produce enough insulin

• a condition
• persons blood glucose may rise to a fatally high level
• due to body not producing enough insulin

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5
Q

what is the effector

A

muscle glands that respond to stimuli

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6
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts that help to speed up the rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body

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7
Q

what is evaporation in terms of sweat thing

A

• the process of water in sweat changing to water vapor
• it uses some body heat, cooling the body

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8
Q

what is glucagon

A

• protein hormone made by pancreas
• regulates blood glucose levels
• converts stored glycogen back into glucose

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9
Q

what is glycogen

A

• a substance stored in the liver and muscles
• is converted into glucose as the body requires energy for metabolism

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10
Q

what is gravitropism

A

the growth movement in a plant in response to the direction of gravity

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11
Q

what is homeostasis

A

when the body maintains constant optimal conditions in the body e.g. temperature, water levels in blood and glucose concentration

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12
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical (protein) messengers carried in the blood, which control many body functions

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13
Q

what are impulses

A

electrical signals carried by neurones (nerve cells)

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14
Q

what is insulin

A

• protein hormone made by pancreas
• regulates blood glucose levels
• converts excess glucose into glycogen

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15
Q

what is metabolism

A

the chemical process that occurs within a living organism in order to maintain life

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16
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a process in which a change in a factor, such as blood glucose level, brings about processes which change its level back towards normal again.

• a process which a change in factor
• e.g. blood glucose levels
• start processes to change level back to normal

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17
Q

what is a neurone?
what it do?
2 types of neurones + info?

A

• a nerve cell,
• they carry electrical impulses through body

• sensory neurones carry info from receptors to CNS
• motor neurones carry info from CNS to effectors

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18
Q

what is pancreas

A

a body organism that makes the hormone insulin

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19
Q

what is phototropism

A

the growth movement in a plant in response to the direction of light

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20
Q

what are receptor cells, and where are they found

A

cells that detect changes in the environment . found in sense organs

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21
Q

what is reflex action

A

fast, automatic responses to a stimulus. Has a protective function

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22
Q

what is a relay neurone

A

a neurone that transmits an impulse from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

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23
Q

whats a sense organ

A

organs that collect info about the environment (internal and external) and send it to the CNS

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24
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in the environment that the body reacts to

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25
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

the process of the body controlling its internal temperature

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26
Q

what is tropism

A

a directional growth response of a plant to a stimulus

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27
Q

what is the role of the nervous system

A

to control and co-ordinate the senses and responses in the body

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28
Q

give an example of receptor cells and what they detect

A

tastebuds, detect chemicals in food

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29
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibres

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30
Q

nerve cells dont touch each other, a small gap is present, what is this gap called

A

synapse

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31
Q

describe how the nervous system works

A

1) stimulated receptors send nerve impulses
• along a sensory neurone to CNS

2) CNS co-ordinates the best response to the stimulus

3) sends electrical impulses
• along the motor neurone to effector
• which carries out the response

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32
Q

what is the term for when a plant grows towards the stimulus

A

positive tropism

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33
Q

where do plants grow towards and why

A

the light, for more photosynthesis

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34
Q

what is the advantage of positive phototropism in shoots

A

allows more photosynthesis

35
Q

whichever way a seed is planted, the root always grows which way? and what tropism does it show

A

downwards (this shows positive gravitropism in roots)

36
Q

what is the advantage of positive gravitropism in roots

A

can get water and minerals from soil

37
Q

which part of the shoot is sensitive to light

A

the tip

38
Q

what are the 5 parts of the eye and functions

A

-sclera
• protective, tough white outer coat

-cornea
• clear part of sclera
• allows light to enter
• refracts light entering

-iris
• coloured part of eye
• contains muscles that alter the size of the pupil
• control amount of light entering the eye

-pupil
• hole in the center of the eye
• lets light enter the eye

-lens
• changes shape to focus light onto the retina

39
Q

What are the 4 other parts of the eye and functions

A

-choroid
• pigmented layer
• absorbs light to prevent reflection
• prevents light being detected several times
• Also contains blood vessels.

-retina
• light sensitive layer (photoreceptor cells) that detect light
• an image is formed here

-blind spot
• where the optic nerve leaves the eye
• there are no light sensitive cells here.

-optic nerve
• carries electrical impulses from retina to the brain

40
Q

what happens when you shine light near the eye
and when there is no light

A

when shining light = pupils go smaller

when theres no light = pupils dilate

41
Q

list some reflex actions

A

gag reflex
pupil size
flinching

42
Q

which part of the eye could be damaged if the pupil size did not change in bright light

A

retina

43
Q

what is the function of the co-ordinator

A

ensures the appropriate motor neurone is stimulated

44
Q

suggest why in the withdrawal reflex, the spinal cord is involved but the pupil and blinking reflexes involve the brain

A

goes to whichever part of the CNS is closest for faster response

45
Q

list 3 factors your body needs to keep constant

A

temperature
water
pH

46
Q

chemical reactions in the cells produce waste products such as?

and where do they enter and afterwards?

A

urea and carbon dioxide

enter through tissue fluid and absorbed back into blood at the venous end of the capillary.

47
Q

at the arterial end of the capillary, some parts of the plasma are forced out of the leaky capillaries, this fluid bathes the body cells and carries substances such as:

A

glucose and oxygen

48
Q

what can too little water and too much water cause

A

too little = bodily fluids too concentrated and damage the body

too much = dilutes body fluids

49
Q

what chemical allows the concentration of our body fluids to be maintained within safe limits?

A

hormones

50
Q

what is the main fluid of the body

A

glucose

51
Q

whats the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose ——-> carbon dioxide + water

52
Q

on a hot day how is your urine production affected, and explain why

A

• less volume and more concentrated

• cuz more water lost as sweat, so to compensate, less water lost in urine to avoid dehydration.

53
Q

what monitors the blood/glucose concentration

A

cells in the pancreas

54
Q

what is type 1 diabetes caused by

A

-body overreacting to a virus, with result that the immune system destroys its own insulin producing cells in pancreas.
-possibly genetic

• just say immune system destroys its own insulin producing cells in pancreas

55
Q

what is treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

-insulin injections
-low sugar/carbs diet
-metformin tablets

56
Q

what is type 2 diabetes caused by

A

-old age is a common cause
-diet high in carbs/sugar
-obesity

57
Q

what is treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

-insulin injections
-low carbs/sugar diet
-metformin tablets

58
Q

what are symptoms of diabetes

A

-glucose present in urine
-uncontrollable blood glucose levels
-feeling tired

59
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

when your pancreas doesnt produce insulin

60
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

• pancreas still produces some insulin
• liver cells do not properly respond to the insulin produced

61
Q

why should a diabetic person not eat a lot of sugary foods

A

they cant regulate their blood glucose concentration

62
Q

what happens if a diabetic person gets injected with too much insulin

A

their blood glucose concentration would fall too low

63
Q

what is the term for when someones blood glucose concentration falls too low

A

hypoglycaemia

64
Q

what are all the parts of a vertical section through the skin

A

hair
sweat pore
epidermis
sweat duct
Capillaries
sweat gland
fat cells
oil gland
receptor cells
erector msucles

65
Q

what do the receptor cells in the skin do

A

detect the temperature and send chemical impulses along sensory neurons to the brain

66
Q

what happens if the body temperature goes above or below the optimum temperature of 37 degrees

A

brain sends messages to skin to carry out corrective mechanisms to get the body back to normal

67
Q

what corrective mechanisms take place when you get too hot

A

sweat glands make more sweat, sweat travels up sweat duct and out of sweat pore onto the skin surface. Sweat evaporates from skin surface, increasing the cooling rate. body doesnt shiver.

erector muscle relaxes and hair flattens. less insulating air is trapped next to skin, so less insulation.

body vessel diameter widens .more blood flows to skin surface so more heat is lost by radiation. Cooling rate increases.

68
Q

what corrective mechanisms take place when you get too cold

A

shivering - skin muscles contract and relax rapidly producing heat, warming up the blood. Body doesnt sweat

erector muscle contracts and hair strands. More insulating air is trapped next to skin so more insulation.

blood vessel diameter shrinks. less blood flows to skin surface so less heat is lost by radiation, cooling rate decreases.

69
Q

what are stimuli detected by

A

receptor cells

70
Q

there must be a reposnse that reverses stimuli. what are these responses made by

A

effectors

71
Q

name 2 parts of the body that alcohol is absorbed through into the blood stream

A

stomach
small intestine

72
Q

your body cells absorb alcohol and oxidise it, releasing heat, what happens to the heat

A

heat radiates from skin

73
Q

oxidation of alcohol produces water as a waste product, this is excreted by the skin as sweat, what effect does this have on body fluids

A

decrease in body fluids - causes dehydration

74
Q

is alcohol a depressant or a stimulant

A

depressant

75
Q

what 4 effects does alcohol have on the nervous system

A

-slows reaction
-increase reaction time
-judgment is impaired
-loss of concentration

76
Q

why do some people think that there should be a zero limit if you are driving for alcohol

Why do some people think that you should’ve even have any mg of alcohol before driving?

A

effects of alcohol start even at low levels

77
Q

alcohol can be addictive, what does this mean

A

dependance and cravings, they need alcohol to function normally

78
Q

name the liver disease that is caused by excessive, prolonged drinking of alcohol

A

cirrhosis

79
Q

name another body organ that can be affected by the excessive alcohol consuption

A

heart

80
Q

whats pros and cons of aspirin use

A

pro - pain killer
con - risk of stomach ulcers

81
Q

name an illegal drug and the effect on the body

A

cocaine

effects such as
can make you feel happy or confident
increases your energy
can make you paranoid

82
Q

drugs change various chemical processes in people’s bodies so that they can become dependent on them, what term is used to describe this dependance

A

addiction

83
Q

when someone tries to give up a drug theyr dependant on, they can suffer symptoms, like cravings for nicotine and poor concentration, whats the term for these symptoms called

A

withdrawal symptoms

GCSE WJEC triple science Y11 wales (21 decks)

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