Biology Exam Materials Flashcards
What are the nutrients that animal needs?
Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamin, Minerals, Water and Fibre
What is the term if the nutrients are consumed in the right proportion?
Balanced diet
Examples of Vitamins and Minerals. Two each
Vitamin C and D
Calcium and Iron
What is one function of Fibre
To help the muscle in the alimentary canal to work properly
What is Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Kwashiorkor : Lack or protein in the diet (swollen abdomen)
Marasmus : Lack of protein and carbo ( skinny )
What is the term for movement of contracting and relaxing muscles in the alimentary canal to move food?
Peristalsis
What is digestion?
The process of breaking molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed
Word equations for the digestion of starch, protein, and fat
Starch –> (amylase) –>Maltose –> (maltase) –> Glucose
Protein –> (protease) –> Polypeptides –> (pepsin) –> Amino acid
Fat –> (bile) Small droplets –> (lipase) –> Fatty acids and glycerol
What are mechanical and chemical digestion
Mechanical : The breakdown of food into smaller pieces physically, without chemical change to the food molecules
Chemical : The breakdown or large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules with chemicals like enzymes.
What are the types of teeth?
Incisors, Canines, Pre Molars, Molars
What is the hardest substance an animal’s body, but can dissolve in acid?
Enamel
What are the functions of the type of teeth?
Incisors and Canines are to bite off food, Pre molars and molars are to grind and chew food.
What is ingestion?
Taking in substance into mouth, eat
What is the function sphincter muscles?
Can close tubes completely
Where is mucus found and what is its’ function?
Lubricated through the alimentary canal and helps food slides down easily
What is chyme
Mixture in the stomach where food is mixed with mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzyme
What are the fluids made in stomach?
Protease, hydrochloric acid, mucus
Where is protein first digested?
Stomach
What are the two parts of small intestines?
Duodenum and ileum
What are the fluids that flows into the duodenum?
Pancreatic juice and bile
What is inside a pancreatic juice?
Amylase, protease, lipase, sodium hydrogen carbonate
What is the function of bile?
Help neutralize the acid from the chyme and help digest fat into smaller droplets by salt in a process called emulsification
Where is bile made?
Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
What do villi make?
Maltase, protease, lipase
What is assimiliation?
The movement of digested food into the cells of the body where they are used.
What is circulatory system?
The network of tubes called blood vessels with the heart that pumps and keeps the blood flowing.
What is double circulatory system and the two parts?
When the blood passes through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body
Pulmonary system : Blood vessels that take the blood to the lungs and back
Systemic system : Blood vessels that take the blood to the rest of the body
Explain heart
Heart is made out of cardiac muscles, which contracts and relaxes. It has four chambers. The two upper ones are atria and the two lower ones are ventricles
What is the function of atria and ventricle
Atria receives blood into the heart, ventricle pushes blood out.
Which part of the heart is strongest?
Left ventricle
Difference of pulmonary artery and vein
Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood out of the heart and pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood into the heart
Function and characteristics of each blood vessel
Artery : Carries blood away from the heart, thick and strong, relatively narrow
Capillaries : Supply cells with requirements, one cell thick, very narrow and thin
Vein : Returns blood into the heart, quite thin, wide
What is inside blood?
Plasma, red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets
What is pathogen
Microorganism that can cause disease by entering the body and breed there.
What are the groups of pathogens
Virus, bacteria, fungi, protoctists
Pathogens can enter the body through
Direct contact and indirect contact
What are mechanical and chemical barriers against pathogens?
Mechanical : Nostril hairs, skin keratin, blood clots
Chemical : Mucus, hydrochloric acid, white blood cells
What is lymphocyte cells?
A type of white blood cells that produce chemicals called antibodies.
What is antibody?
A protein molecule with a particular shape that fits right into another molecule. To destroy a pathogen, antibodies must be made in the right shape to fit into the antigens.
Explain the process of pathogen entering the body and how the body reacts.
When a pathogen enters the body, it will meet a large number of lymphocyte cell. One of it will recognize the pathogen as something it can destroy. So the lymphocyte cell start dividing rapidly by mitosis, making clones of themselves. Once enough, they will secrete antibodies, destroying the pathogen.
What is memory cells?
The left over lymphocyte cell that did not secrete antibody when it fights the pathogens, but remains behind to function when the same kind of pathogen enters the body again.
What is vaccines?
Weakened or dead viruses or bacteria, that have the same antigen as the normal ones but is not able to cause disease.
What are active and passive immunity and the examples
Active immunity : Permanent, long lasting immunity
- Having the disease and recovering from it
- Vaccine
Passive immunity : Short term body defense
- Injected by antibodies by another organism
- Antibody transfer from mom’s breast milk to baby
How does antibiotic works?
Blocking the development, stopping or killing the bacteria from growing.
