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Study > Biology (Cells) > Flashcards

Biology (Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical constituents of organisms can be divided into?

A

Inorganic substances (No carbon atoms)
-Water(65%,% by weight)
-Minerals(1%)
Organic substances (Biomolecules) (Many carbon atoms)
-Carbohydrates(5%)
-Lipids(10%)
-Proteins(18%)
-Nucleic acids(1%)

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2
Q

What are the functions of nitrate ions in animals and plants?

A

Animals: //
Plants: a source of nitrogen for synthesis of proteins, a source of nitrogen for synthesis of nucleic acids for heredity

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3
Q

What are the functions of magnesium in animals and plants?

A

Animals: activates some enzymes
Plants: component of chlorophyll, activates some enzymes

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4
Q

What are the functions of iron in animals and plants?

A

Animals: a component of haemoglobin in red blood cells, activates some enzymes, a component of ATP (energy carrier) to support body activities
Plants: Activates some enzymes, a component of ATP (energy carrier) to support body activities

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5
Q

What are the functions of calcium in animals and plants?

A

Animals: A component of bone and teeth, required in blood clotting, muscle contraction, sending messages in nervous system
Plants: Helps strengthen cell walls

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6
Q

What are the functions of phosphate in animals and plants?

A

Animals: A component of bones and teeth, A component of phospholipid in cell membrane, A component of nucleic acid for heredity
Plants: A component of phospholipid in cell membrane, A component of nucleic acid for heredity

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7
Q

All organice chemical constituents of organisms contain what? They are also known as ____.

A

Carbon
Biomolecules

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8
Q

Name examples of proteins and their functions.

A

Structural proteins: Make up body tissues ( e.g. hair, nails)
Enzymes: Catalyses chemical reactions in organisms
Hormones: Regulate body processes in organisms (e.g. growth, menstruation)
Antibodies: Protect the body against diseases for immunity
Haemoglobin: Carries oxygen

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9
Q

Name examples of nucleic acids and their functions.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): Carries genetic information for heredity
Ribonucleic acid (RNA): Takes part in the synthesis of proteins in cells

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10
Q

What are all the types of microscopes?

A

Light microscope
Electron microscope (For dead specimen) : Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Scanning electron microscope(SEM)

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11
Q

What is the (1) working principle, (2) maximum magnification, (3) appearance of image produced, (4) advantages of light microscope?

A

(1): Light passes through a specimen/ a thin slide of specimen to form an image
(2): 1600 times ( usually 40x-400x)
(3): colored image
(4): Living specimens can be observed, easier preparation of specimen

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12
Q

What is the (1) working principle, (2) maximum magnification, (3) appearance of image produced, (4) advantages of transmission electron microscope?

A

(1): Electrons pass through a thin slide of specimen to form an image
(2): 1 500 000 times
(3): Black and white image, 2D showing the internal structures of the specimen
(4) Higher magnification and thus higher resolution of images
-> Resolution : ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct from each
other

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13
Q

What is the (1) working principle, (2) maximum magnification, (3) appearance of image produced, (4) advantages of scanning electron microscope?

A

(1): Electrons scan over the surface of the specimen to form an image
(2): 200 000 times
(3): Black and white image, 3D image showing the external structures of the
specimen
(4): Higher magnification and thus higher resolution of images
-> Resolution : ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct from each
other

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14
Q

What is the property of an image shown through a microscope?

A

Inverted and reversed laterally

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15
Q

Total magnification =?
size of object=?

A

Magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective
size of image / magnification

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16
Q

The brightness of a low-power magnification image is ___, while a high-power one is ___.

A

brighter
dimmer

17
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of nucleus?

A

(1) Usually at centre for animal cell
(2) Spherical and bounded by nuclear membrane, Contains genetic material i.e. DNA, Controls activities of cell, Involved in making ribosomes, Absent in some cells ( e.g. red blood cells) for having more space to carry O2

18
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of cytoplasm?

A

(1) Confined by cell membrane
(2) Jelly-like fluid consisting of mainly water and proteins, organells , minerals, etc
Holds organells, Provides a site for chemical reactions to take place, Allows movement and transport of materials inside the cell

19
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of cell membrane?

A

(1) As boundary enclosing cytoplasm
(2) Thin and flexible membrane, Mainly made up of phospholipid and protein, Separate cell contents from outside environment, Differentially parmeable, controls movement of substance into and out of the cell

20
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

(1) A network of interconnected membrane-bound sacs and tubes
(2) Continuous with outer nuclear membrane and extends throughout cytoplasm,
Rough ER ( with ribosomes attached ) is involved in the synthesis of proteins
->Abundant in cells that produce a large amount of protein
Smooth ER ( no ribosome attached ) in involved in the synthesis of lipids
->Abundant in cells that produce a large amount of lipids

21
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of ribosomes?

A

(1)Attached on Rough ER or free lying in cytoplasm
(2) A small particle not surrounded by membrane, Made up of protein and ribosomal(RNA), Involved in the synthesis of proteins

22
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of mitochrondrion

A

(1) Abundant in active cells that needs a lot of energy
(2) Bounded by a double membrane, With the highly folded inner membrane, Main site of respiration to release energy
-> Abundant in liver cells, muscle cells, root hair cells, intestinal epithelial cells,
sperms, etc
->Absent in red blood cells

23
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of cell wall? (only in plant cells)

A

(1) A thick layer of covering cell membrane
(2) Thick, rigid outermost layer mainly made up of cellulose, Freely permeable, Protects, supports and gives shape to pant cell

24
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of chloroplast? (only in green plant cells)

A

(1) Present in all green plant cells
(2) Bounded by a double membrane, Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment which captures light for photosynthesis to produce food, Often contains starch, Larger than mitochondrion

25
Q

What is the occurance(1), and feature and function(2) of large central vacuole? (small of absent in animal cells, often large in plant cells)

A

(1) Fluid filled sacs
(2) Bounded by single membrane, Gives turgidity and provides water to plant cells, May store minerals, nicotine, acids, caffeine, anthocynins in some plant cells

26
Q

What is the shape of animal and plant cells?

A

Animal: irregular
Plant: regular

27
Q

What do Eukaryotic cells contain?
The DNA in Eukaryotic cells is enclosed within the ___.

A

A true nucleus ( a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane) and various membrane-bounded organelles (e.g. mitochondrion, ER, etc)
nucleus (i.e not free lying in cytoplasm)

28
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms consisting of eukaryotic cells.
Most are multicellular organisms;
some are unicellular organisms ( Amoeba)

29
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not have a ____ or ____.
Their genetic material(DNA) is ____ in cytoplasm.
They are found in?

A

true nucleus, membrane-bounded organelles
lying free
Bacteria cells

30
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms consisting of prokaryotic cells.
Unicellular only.

31
Q

What are the difference between prokayotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Size, nucleus, genetic material, membrane-bounded organelle, cell membrane, ribosomes, cell wall

A

prokayotic cells eukaryotic cells
size: usually smaller(0.1-10um) usually larger(10-100um)
nucleus: no true nucleus true nucleus
genetic material: Both have DNA as genetic material
membrane-bounded organelle: absent present
cell membrane: Present in both pro and eu cells
Ribosome: lying free in cytoplasm Some attached to RER/ some lying free in cyto
Cell wall: Maybe present/absent present in plant cells, absent in animal cells
Doesnt contain cellulose plant cell wall is made up of cellulose
->made peptidoglycan

32
Q

What is the cell?
What is a tissue?
What is an organ?
What is a system?
What is an organism?

A

Basic unit of life.
Similar cells working tgt for 1/1+ particular function
Different tissues work tgt for 1/1+ particular function
Different organs work tgt to perform a particular task
Different systems work tgt to maintain life

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