biological treatment - drug/hormone Flashcards
what is paraphilia?
abnormal sexual drives that tend to involve dangerous activities
what is pedophilia?
deviant erotic urge focused on children
what is conduct disorder?
serious behavioural and emotional disorder that can occur in children and teens, may display patterns of disruptive and violent behaviour and have problems following rules
what is oppositional disorder (ODD)?
condition in which a child displays an ongoing pattern of an angry or irritable mood, defiant or argumentative behaviour, towards people in authority
disrupts normal activities
why might drug treatments be used with offenders?
to reduce or increase levels of neurotransmitters or to reduce certain hormones
what behaviour is dopamine involved with?
aggression
what part of the brain does dopamine affect?
the reward systems
what does aggression activate?
activates the release of dopamine and generates rewarding feelings in the brain
why does the individual continue to act aggressivkey because of dopamine?
it is a way to make them feel good
how has role of dopamine in aggression been demonstrated in studies?
by using amphetamines
what do amphetamines do?
increase levels of dopamine
what have studies found about amphetamines?
that when people are given them, there is a corresponding increase in aggression
how can aggression be reduced?
by using dopamine antagonists
what is a type of drug that reduces the amount of dopamine?
how?
risperidone
blocking the dopamine receptors
what is serotonin linked to?
maintaining mood control
who can levels of serotonin be increased?
by the drug treatment selective serotonin inhibitors (SSIs)
what do SSIs do?
type of antidepressant medication that prevent reabsorption of serotonin into the presynaptic neurone, increasing the amount that is available to pass messages between neurones
what is a type of SSRI?
fluxetine
what has been found about fluoxetine?
reduced aggression among a sample of personality disordered individuals with a history of aggression
what are the side effects of fluoxetine?
drowsiness, constipation and nausea
there are a key number of treatments aimed at addressing hormone imbalance contributing to what behaviour?
aggression
which hormone is found in both men and women but a greater extent of men?
testosterone
why does testosterone have a key role in men?
develops reproductive tissue and is required to maintain muscles strength and bone density
which hormone is required maintain muscle strength and bone density in males?
testosterone
who has been documented to have high levels of testosterone?
people with a history of aggression which may have lead to criminal behaviour
who is hormone treatment normally focused to?
sex offenders
what is hormone treatment based on?
the idea that sexual deviant behaviour comes from biological sources and suppressing sexual drive through drugs would then reduce these feelings
what is the goal of hormone treatment?
to maintain a normal sexual drives, but to suppress deviant behaviour
who might hormone treatment be aimed at?
pedophilia or paraphilia
which method lead to the creation of hormone treatments?
surgical castration
what is the reoffending rates for surgical castration?
5%
linked to surgical castration, what do hormone treatments work to suppress?
androgens that have the same effect on sexual behaviour as surgical castration
what is MPA?
a female hormone that works to decrease the functioning of testosterone
what has been investigated to reduce levels of testosterone in males?
MPA acetate
what does MPA do?
breaks down and eliminates testosterone and inhibits the production of luteinising hormone through the pituitary gland, which in turn inhibits production of testosterone
what are side effects of MPA acetate?
breast enlargement, weigh gain and depression
what does MPA acetate reduce?
sexual drive and deviant sexual fantasy and possible aggression
what does CPA do?
reduces sexual drive and deviant fantasies
where is CPA used?
Canada
what are the side effects of CPA?
liver dysfunction and adrenal suppression
what drug produces liver damage and adrenal suppression
CPA
what problem do side effects have? (W)
may effect the willingness of the individual to take to drugs, side effects may be too severe to warrant the continued use of the drugs
what can affect someones willingness to comply to take drugs?(W)
the fact that sometimes people have to be on drug treatments for a considerable amount of time before a change can be observed, may not wish to continue if don’t see a change
how can demand characteristics be reduced and why is this a strength?(S)
studies investigating the effects can use placebos controlled trials in which ppts do not know which group has been allocated to
reduces DC
increases validity and reliability
why are there ethical issues which drug treatments?(W)
in relation to the rights of the offender
in America there are protests about making people take drugs, including when it is part of their sentence, because t is against the eighth amendment
why is it hard to establish cause and effect/effectiveness?(W)
as drug treatments not normally used on their own, normally have some form of psychological therapy as well, hard to establish which one is more effective
what did hocker and winder find?
reported that 32 sex offenders at whatton prisons showed a reduction in reported frequency of sexual thoughts and excitability when taking fluoxetine
what did leblanc find?
found that when using a trial of risperodone on adolescent boys with conduct and oppositional disorder
there was a 64% reduction in symptoms
