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N101 > biological beginning (M2) > Flashcards

biological beginning (M2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

It was an international, multidisciplinary effort to explore and map the human genome (completed in 2003)

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2
Q

What is the significance of the human genome project?

A

is the first step to understanding the nature of hereditary diseases and finding ways to identify individuals who are at risk of transmitting a given disease. Also opens up the potential to screen fetuses for genetic diseases.

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3
Q

What are some of the negatives of the human genome project?

A

privacy and ethical implications

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4
Q

how many sperm are ejaculated by the male?

A

200-300 million

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5
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the outer third of the fallopian tubes where fertilization takes place

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6
Q

How long is an ovum considered fertile for?

A

24 - 48 hours after ovulation

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7
Q

How long is sperm considered healthy and highly fertile for?

A

24 hours, the sperm degrades over time and has a life span of 48-72 hours

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the ovum called?

A

The zona pellucida

this layer will remain through fertilization and degrade just before implantation

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9
Q

When is the moment of fertilization?

A

when the nucleus of the sperm combines with the nucleus of the ovum

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10
Q

What is the fertilized cell called?

A

a zygote (zygotes are unicellular)

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11
Q

How long does it take to reach the uterus?

A

3 days

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12
Q

Define cleavage

A

a time when the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic division.

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13
Q

Define morula

A

blastomeres form a solid ball of 12-16 cells known as a morula, which than differentiates into blastocyst and trophoblast.

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14
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The inner mass of the embryo

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15
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

The outer layer of the embryo

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16
Q

Define blastomere.

A

The very small, early mitotic cells of the zygote

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17
Q

What do pregnancy tests test for?

A

The presence of EPF which is secreted by the trophoblastic cells 24-48 hrs after fertilization.

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18
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

the inner mucous membrane of the uterus.

19
Q

What 3 types of diciduas does the endometrium become after implantation?

A

Diciduas Capsularis - covers the blastocyst
Diciduas Basalis - directly under the blastocyst
Diciduas Versa - lines the rest of the uterine cavity

20
Q

10-14 days

A
  1. blastocyst develops into germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  2. development of the chorion and the amnion
21
Q

what is the chorion?

A

the first membrane to form. encloses the amnion, embryo, and yolk sac

22
Q

Define Chorionic Villi.

A

outbranchings of the chorion into depressions in the uterine wall forming the fetal portion of the placenta

23
Q

What is the amnion?

A

it is a sac that contains amniotic fluid. It expands until it comes in contact with the chorion. It protects baby from movement.

24
Q

What is the Yolk sac?

A

it is the early site of blood cell production for the embryo and lasts about 6 weeks until the fetus’ liver can take over. At this point the yolk sac becomes incorporated into the umbilical cord.

25
Q

Explain the structure of the umbilical cord.

A 
Formed from the amnion
-one large vein for oxygenated blood
-two smaller arteries for deoxygenated
-Wharton's jelly (fatty substance that protects the veins
average length 22 inches
26
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

they connect/anchor the placenta into the uteran wall

27
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

germinal period - fertilization to blastocyst
embryonic - blastocyst to development of three layers
fetal stage - 10 weeks to birth

28
Q

What prenatal stage is the most volatile?

A

embryonic - this is where deformities, damage, and spontaneous abortions are likely to occur

29
Q

What do they check the placenta after birth for?

A

the absence of cotyledons. If a cotyledon is left attached to the uterus can result in hemorrhage.

30
Q

What is the process of fraternal twins?

A

fraternal twins is the result of two eggs being released and both being fertilized (dizygotic) and implanted in the uterine wall. Development is normal just times 2 (2 placentas, chorions, etc) and little risk of damage.

31
Q

What is the process of identical twins?

A

single egg is fertilized and inner cell mass splits in two.

32
Q

Explain the implications of when the division occurs in identical twinning.

A

within 3 days - most ideal, can result in having 2 of everything similar to fraternal
5 days after - one of everything but 2 amnions
7-13 days (after development of amnion) - this is the least favourable. have one of everything. High risk of deformities and lower chance of survival

33
Q

Define phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

chromosome abnormality

baby cannot metabolize the proteins in mother’s milk

34
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

Has an extra chromosome

severity of the disease depends on the location of the extra chromosome

35
Q

What is sickle-cell anemia?

A

Red blood cells are hooked shape. Tend to clump together or can get stuck while traveling through the cardiac system.

36
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

23rd (sex) chromosome has an extra X.

results in: small testes, acquisition of breasts, and abnormally tall

37
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A

23rd (sex) chromosome is missing an X.

results in shortness, kidney problems, webbing on the neck, underdeveloped breasts, and mental retardation

38
Q

What is XYY syndrome?

A

the extra Y chromosome has little effect, slight increase in height.

39
Q

What are the 4 prenatal diagnostic tests?

A

Amnioncentesis: draws amniotic fluid with a syringe to test (done after 16 wks, risk of miscarriage)
Ultrasound Sonography: 17 wks, used to look/observe abnormalities
Chorionic Villi test: tests for function of placenta. can cause hemorrhage
Maternal Blood Test (alpha-fetoprotein test AFP): tests for downsyndrome. Oftend false positive

40
Q

What is infertility?

A

Defined as being infertile or having fertility problems after 1 year of unsuccessful attempts at pregnancy

41
Q

5 methods of assisted reproduction (25-30% success rate)

A

IVF - invitro fertalization - egg fertilized in a lab than transferred to the uterus
GIFT - gamete intrafallopin transfer - sperm and egg are insterted into fallopian tube
ZIFT - zygote intrafallopian transfer - egg is fertilized and transferred to the fallopian tubes. much earlier stage of development than IVF
ICSI - intracytoplasmic sperm injection - single sperm is injected into an egg in a dish then implanted into the uterus

42
Q

How does fertilization occur?

A

sperm around the ovum release enzymes to break down the acid in the corona radiata. takes a lot of sperm to degrade the outer layer enough for a single sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida. Once penetration occurs, the zona pellucida undergoes a chemical reaction and becomes impermeable. Then the nuclear envolopes are removed and the haploid chromosomes join together to form a diploid daughter cell.

43
Q

What are the two outer layers of the ovum?

A 
zona pellucida (inner layer)
corona radiate (outer layer, contains acid)
44
Q

What are the important fetal developments?

A

4 wks: fetal heart begins to beat
8 wks: all body organs are formed
8-12 wks: fetal heart rate can be heard by ultrasound Doppler device
16: fetus looks like a baby, sex can be determined
20 wks: hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes present. Baby starts moving
24 wks: fetal respiratory movements begin
28 wks: eyes open and close. respiratory is complete
32: has fingernails and toenails, and is more pink
38+: baby fills uterus and begins getting antibodies from mother

N101 (17 decks)

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