biodiversity-biodiversity, evolution and disease

Question 1

species richness

Answer 1

-a measure of the number of different species in a community

Question 2

to determine the numbers of individuals of each species in each habitat

Answer 2

• taking random samples with a quadrat
• repeat 3 times in other random areas in the field
• classify each individual and count how many species there are and how many individuals in each species
• avoid taking samples in the same area

Question 3

Ways to increase genetic biodiversity

Answer 3

• random mutation, alteration to DNA (alleles and proteins)

- Gene flow, interbreeding between populations + migration between populations lead to new combinations

Question 4

Ways to decrease genetic biodiversity

Answer 4

• selective breeding
• captive breeding
• artificial cloning
• natural selection
• genetic drift, frequency of alleles in population change
• founder effect, starting population has a small gene pool(diversity of alleles) and the pop is isolated
• genetic bottleneck-pop reduced by habitat destruction of disease which reduces the gene pool

Question 5

ways tp measure genetic diversity

Answer 5

• the greater the number of polymorphic alleles in a pop, the greater genetic diversity
• polymorphic = one with 2 or more alleles at a gene locus

Question 6

threats to biodiversity

Answer 6

• deforestation, reduces no of habitats + leads to animal migration
• pollution, altering environments e.g golf courses, overfishing
• agriculture, overuse of fertilisers and bioaccumulation
• climate change, organisms migrate, flooding, extinction, spread of disease

Question 7

habitat

Answer 7

the area where an organism/ species lives and gets resources from

Question 8

biodiversity

Answer 8

-the variance of genetic diversity in ana area including communities, species and habitats

Question 9

data needed to calculate simpsons index

Answer 9

• number of individuals

- total number of individuals

Question 10

significance of getting a low number for simpsons diversity index

Answer 10

• a minor change in the environment would have a large effect on the community
• little biodiversity
• habitat is dominated by a few species

Question 11

species eveness

Answer 11

a measure of the number of individual species in an area

Question 12

genetic diversity

Answer 12

-the number of different alleles of genes in a population

Question 13

habitat biodiversity

Answer 13

–the number of different habitats found within an area

Question 14

opportunistic sampling

Answer 14

-uses organisms that are conveniently available

Question 15

stratified sampling

Answer 15

• some populations can be divided inta a number of sub groups based on a particular characteristic
• a random sample is then taken from each sub group

Question 16

systematic sampling

Answer 16

• different areas within an overall habitat are identified and then sampled separately
• often carried out using a line or belt transect

Question 17

line transect

Answer 17

-involves marking a line along the ground between two poles and taking samples a specified points

Question 18

belt transect

Answer 18

-provides more info than line. Two parallel lines are marked and samples are taken of the area around

Question 19

Ways to sample insects

Answer 19

• pooter, by sucking on a mouthpiece insects are drawn into the holding chamber via the inlet tube
• sweep nets, used in areas of long grass

Question 20

ways to sample invertebrates

Answer 20

• pitfall traps, for small invertebrates. A hole is dug which they cannot escape from
• tree beating, for invertebrates living in trees

Question 21

A way to study organisms living in a river

Answer 21

• riverbank is ‘kicked’

- net placed down river where organism fall and are caught

Question 22

2 types of quadrat

Answer 22

• point quadrat, species touching needle are recorded

- frame quadrat, numbers and types of species in each section recorded

Question 23

advantages of in situ conservation (they remain in their natural environment)

Answer 23

• some species only breed in natural environment
• natural habitat = perfect conditions for breeding
• can study and monitor conditions

Question 24

disadvantages of in situ conservation

Answer 24

• breeding not guaranteed
• conservation of one species may have detrimental effects elsewhere in the food chain
• can be detrimental to local communities e.g tigers eating farming animals

Question 25

advantages of ex situ conservation (away from natural environment)

Answer 25

• use of artificial insemination and IVF can ensure genetic variation within a species
• can preserve and transport frozen sperm/embryos/seeds =ensures genetic diversity
• organisms have access to veterinary care
• benefits to public e.g education and enjoyment

Question 26

disadvantages of ex situ conservation

Answer 26

• danger to animals in capturing and transporting
• risk of inbreeding=loss of diversity
• distress to organisms in confined, unnatural environment
• lack of compatibility with mating partners
• lack of survival when reintroduced back into wild
• no immunity to diseases

Question 27

international union conservation of nature

Answer 27

-countries work together to conserve nature

Question 28

convention on international trade in endangered species of flora and fauna

Answer 28

• ensures that international trade in wildlife + products does not threaten survival
• achieved by promoting co operation between countries

Question 29

countryside stewardship scheme

Answer 29

• uk only
• grants provided for activities e.g increasing wildlife habitats, restoration of abandoned land and improving access of countryside for leisure activities