Aerobic respiration Flashcards
function of mitochondria
synthesis of ATP during the last stages of respiration called oxidative phosphorylation
main structures in mitochondria
-outer membrane
-inner membrane
-intermembrane space
-matrix
diff between outer and inner membrane
-outer, smooth, permeable to small molecules
-inner, folded (cristae), less permeable, site of electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation, location of ATP synthase enzymes
intermembrane space
low pH due to high conc of protons, conc gradient between intermembrane space and inner membrane = essential for ATP sythesis
matrix
aqueous solution within inner membrane
-contains enzymes ribosomes and DNA
role of cristae
-provides large SA in order for membrane to contain as many electron transport chains as possible
-more active cells have tightly packed cristae and larger mitochondria
define aerobic respiration and list the 4 stages
-the process of breaking down a respiratory substrate to produce ATP using oxygen
- glycolysis, link reaction, krebs, oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis description + location
-phosphorylation and splitting of glucose (cell cytoplasm)
link reaction description + location
-decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate
(Mitochondrial matrix)
krebs cycle + location
cyclical pathway with enzyme -controlled reactions (mitochondrial matrix)
oxidative phosphorylation +location
-production of ATP through oxidation of hydrogen atoms (inner membrane of mitochondria)
glycolysis full steps
glucose + 2 ATP- hexosebisphosphate- 2 x triose phosphate- + 2x phosphate - 2x triosebisphosphate. Per triosebisphosphate, 2x ATP, 1x reduced NAD, (1 pyruvate)
ATP produced from ADP + Pi
-enzyme dehydrogenase to produce NADH
net production of ATP, pyruvate and NADH in glycolysis
-2 of each
after gylcolysis, how does pyruvate move across the membrane
-via active transport with a transport protein
what is decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
-decarb, removing a carbon
-dehydr, removing a hydrogen
steps in link reaction
-pyruvate is oxidised by enzymes to produce acetate (2C) and CO2 which requires the reduction of NAD-NADH
-acetyl CoA produced
steps of krebs
-4 carbon oxaloacetate accepts 2C acetyl to form 6C Citrate (CoA released in reaction)
-citrate then converted back to oxaloacetate after several redox reactions
-redox reactions are, decarboxylation of citrate (releasing 2 CO2), oxidation of 3NAD, 1 FAD, and substrate level phosphorylation of ADP + Pi to ATP
net production from krebs for one glucose
- 6x NADH, 2X FADH, 2X ATP, 4X CO2
role and composition of coenzyme A
-consists of a nucleoside (ribose and adenine) and a vitamin
-binds to acetate to form acetyl CoA
Role of FAD and NAD coenzymes
They transfer the hydrogen atoms (hydrogen ions and electrons) from the different stages of respiration to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane, the site where hydrogens are removed from the coenzymes
outline of oxidative phosphorylation
-H+ ions donated by NADH and FADH2 from krebs, and split into electrons or H+
-high energy electrons enter ETC and transfer energy as they move through
-energy used to transfer protons from matrix to intermembrane space which creates a conc gradient
-protons return to matrix via facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase which provides energy for ATP synthesis
-oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor + combines with H+ and electrons to form water
