Biochemistry

Question 1

Glycogenesis

Answer 1

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Question 2

Glycogenolysis

Answer 2

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

Question 3

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 3

de novo synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors (lactate, amino acids, glycerol)

Question 4

Glycogen

Answer 4

main storage of glucose in liver and muscle cells

Polymer of glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic links

Question 5

Liver glycogen

Answer 5

Broken down between meals and released to maintain blood glucose levels for red blood cells and brain

Question 6

Muscle glycogen

Answer 6

not available for maintenance of blood glucose levels

provides energy via glycolysis and the TCA during bursts of physical activity

Question 7

glycogenin

Answer 7

protein which the glycogen primer attaches to

Question 8

UDP-glucose

Answer 8

activated form of glucose

Question 9

Transglycosylase

Answer 9

Branching enzyme that introduces alpha 1-6 glycosidic branches into glycogen

Question 10

Cori cycle

Answer 10

Lactate is a precursor of gluconeogenesis
Blood transports lactate back to the liver
Liver converts lactate back to glucose
Glucose released into bloodstream
Buys time and shifts metabolic burden from muscles

Question 11

increased fat intake without appropriate energy expenditure leads to

Answer 11

increase in numbers of adipocytes

more fat in adipocytes

Question 12

control of energy balance depends on

Answer 12

Genetically linked factors (protein messengers regulating appetite)
Environmental factors (food abundance)

Question 13

Plant fats

Answer 13

contain large proportions of unsaturated fatty acids > liquid

Question 14

Animal fats

Answer 14

contain mostly palmitic and stearic acid > solid

Question 15

Main products of fat digestion

Answer 15

Glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 16

short and medium length fatty acids in mucosal cells of intestine

Answer 16

enter portal blood

Question 17

longer chain FAs in mucosal cells of intestine

Answer 17

re-synthesised to triglycerides

Question 18

glyuconeogenesis

Answer 18

produce glucose from amino acids

Question 19

glycolysis

Answer 19

to form pyruvate then lactate or acetyl-CoA

Question 20

glycogenesis

Answer 20

to store polymerized glucose, as glycogen

Question 21

glycogenolysis

Answer 21

release glucose