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2C PRELIMS > BIOCHEM LEC > Flashcards

BIOCHEM LEC Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of water balance

A

a. Hypothalamic mechanisms
b. Antidiuretic Hormone
c. Retention or excretion by the Kidneys

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2
Q

which involves the inability to concentrate urine or adjust
to subtle changes in extracellular fluid osmolarity, results from the unresponsiveness of renal tubular osmoreceptors to ADH

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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3
Q

angle between two hydrogen atoms to the oxygen in H2O

A

105 degree

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4
Q

molecule with electrical charge distributed asymmetrically about its structure

A

DIPOLE

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5
Q

Slightly Positive Side of H2O

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

Slightly Negative Side of H2O

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

Bicarbonate and other buffers normally maintain the pH of extracellular fluid between ____ and ___

A

7.35, 7.45

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8
Q

Blood pH below 7.35

A

Acidosis

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9
Q

blood pH above 7.45

A

Alkalosis

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10
Q

Suspected disturbances of acid-base balance are verified by measuring the pH of __________________

A

arterial blood

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11
Q

Water’s strong dipole is responsible for its high _____________________

A

dielectric constant

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12
Q

the _______ the dielectric constant, the ________ the force of attraction between charged and polar species

A

Higher, Weaker

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13
Q

enables water to dissolve many
organic biomolecules that contain functional groups

A

hydrogen bonding

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14
Q

chemical species that forms bonds with electrophiles by donating an electron pair

A

Nucleophile

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15
Q

electron rich molecules

A

nucleophile

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16
Q

electron poor molecules

A

electrophile

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17
Q

Nucleophilic attack by water typically results in the cleavage of the amide, glycoside, or ester bonds that hold biopolymers together

A

Hydrolysis

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18
Q

catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into their component amino acids

A

Protease

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19
Q

catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphoester bonds in DNA and RNA

A

nuclease

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20
Q

strongest force that holds molecules together

A

Covalent Bonds

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21
Q

contributes to stability & functional competence of molecules

A

Non- covalent Bonds

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22
Q

most biomolecules are ______________

A

Amphipathic

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23
Q

possess both charged or polar region and hydrophobic or non polar region

A

Amphipathic

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24
Q

refers to the tendency of nonpolar
compounds to self-associate in an aqueous environment

A

hydrophobic interactions

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25
Q

minimizes the disruption of energetically favorable interactions between and is therefore driven by
the surrounding water molecules

A

self-association

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26
Q

interactions between oppositely charged groups within or between biomolecules

A

Electrostatic Interactions

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27
Q

arise from attractions between transient
dipoles generated by the rapid movement of electrons in all
neutral atoms

A

Van der Waals Forces

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28
Q

PRoton Donors

A

Acids

29
Q

Proton acceptors

A

Bases

30
Q

_________ pH= high concentration of H+

A

Low

31
Q

_________ pH= low concentration of H+

A

High

32
Q

Normal Values for pH in blood

A

7.35- 7.45

33
Q

Normal Values for PaCO2 in blood

A

35-45mmHg

34
Q

Normal Values for PaO2 in blood

A

80-100mmHg

35
Q

Normal Values for HCO3 in blood

A

22-26mEq/L

36
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

95-100%

37
Q

low pH, High paCO2, High H2CO3, N HCO3

A

Respiratory Acidosis

38
Q

high pH, low paCO2, low H2CO3, N HCO3

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

39
Q

low pH, N paCO2, N H2CO3, low HCO3

A

Metabolic Acidosis

40
Q

high pH, N paCO2, N H2CO3, high HCO3

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

41
Q

Biologic systems are essentially _____________ and use chemical
energy to power living processes

A

Isothermic

42
Q

is that portion of the total energy change in a system that is available for doing work

A

ΔG or Free Energy

43
Q

states that the total energy of a system, including its surroundings, remains constant.

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

44
Q

states that the total
entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur
spontaneously

A

Second law of Thermodynamics

45
Q

is the extent of disorder or randomness of the system and becomes maximum as equilibrium is
approached

A

Entropy

46
Q

If ΔG is negative, the reaction proceeds spontaneously with
loss of free energy

A

Exergonic

47
Q

if ΔG is positive, the reaction proceeds only if free energy can be gained

A

Endergonic

48
Q

the breakdown or oxidation of fuel molecules

A

Catabolism

49
Q

the synthetic reactions that buildup substances

A

Anabolism

50
Q

both catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

51
Q

organisms utilize simple exergonic processes; for example, the
energy of sunlight (green plants), the reaction Fe2+ → Fe3+ (some bacteria)

A

Autotrophic

52
Q

organisms obtain free energy by coupling their metabolism to the
breakdown of complex organic molecules in their environment

A

heterotrophic

53
Q

is the greatest quantitativesource of ~ in aerobic organisms. ATP is generated in themitochondrial matrix as O2
is reduced to H2O by electrons passing down the respiratory chain

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

54
Q

A net formation of two ~ results from the formation of lactate from one molecule of glucose, generated
in two reactions catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase and
pyruvate kinase, respectively

A

Glycolysis

55
Q

One ~ is generated directly in the
cycle at the succinate thiokinase step

A

The citric acid cycle

56
Q

act as storage forms of group transfer potential

A

Phosphagens

57
Q

defined as the removal of eectrons

A

Oxidation

58
Q

is defined as the gain of eectrons

A

reduction

59
Q

Enzymes invoved in oxidation and reduction are called

A

oxidoreductases

60
Q

Classifications of oxidoreductases

A
  • Oxidases
  • Dehydrogenases
  • Hydroperoxidases
  • Oxygenases
61
Q

catayze the remova of hydrogen from a substrate
using oxygen as a hydrogen acceptor.* They form water or
hydrogen peroxide as a reaction product

A

Oxidases

62
Q

is a hemoprotein widey distributed in
many tissues, having the typica heme prosthetic group present in myogobin, hemogobin, and other cytochromes

A

Cytochrome oxidase

63
Q

The action of the enzyme Cytochrome oxidase is blocked by

A

Carbon Monoxide, cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide

64
Q

contain flavin mononucleotide (FMN)or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as prosthetic groups.

A

Flavoprotein

65
Q

play an important roe in protecting the body against the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Hydroperoxidases

66
Q

are iron-containing hemoproteins in which
the iron atom oscillates between Fe3+ and Fe2+ during oxidation and reduction.

A

Cytochromes

67
Q

are highy reactive oxygen-containingmoecues such as peroxides, which are formed during norma
metaboism, but can be damaging if they accumuate.

A

Reactive Oxygen Species

68
Q

have a variety of functions in metaboism;
oxidases and dehydrogenases pay major roes in respiration;

A

Oxidoreductases

69
Q

protect the body against damage by free
radicas; and oxygenases mediate the hydroxyation of drugs
and steroids.

A

hydroperoxidase

2C PRELIMS (16 decks)

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