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Bio quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cell cycle?

A

To replicate and grow cells in an organism.

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2
Q

Wire cells limited in size?

A

A cell’s size is based on how much water and nutrients are in the cell.

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3
Q

How do limits on size of cells influence cell division?

A

Cells that are too small cannot form spindle fibers and cells that are too big cannot coordinate their divisions

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4
Q

What happens in the G1 stage of the cell cycle?

A

Growth

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5
Q

What happens in the G2 stage of the cell cycle?

A

Growth and preparation for mitosis

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6
Q

What happens in the S stage of the cell cycle?

A

DNA synthesis

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7
Q

What happens in the M stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

What is the end product of DNA replication?

A

Two cells

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9
Q

In what stage is DNA replicated?

A

The S phase

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10
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis in order? (after interphase)

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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11
Q

Why is the cell cycle regulated?

A

It prevents too much duplication (cancer) or too much cell death (tumor)

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12
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is the overduplication of cells

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13
Q

Why do chromosomes condense into rod-like structures during cell division?

A

When condensed, chromosomes are easier to move around

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14
Q

What causes cancer?

A

When cells are not regulated, cancer occurs.

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15
Q

Explain the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids.

A

Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes paired up that are exactly the same (XX) while sister chromatids are two chromosomes paired up to make a condensed chromosome (X)

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16
Q

At which point does a cell have double its normal number of chromosomes? (cell cycle phase)

A

The S phase

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17
Q

Why, in the S phase, do cells have double their normal amounts of chromosomes?

A

Cells have doubled their normal amount of chromosomes so that there is an even amount in each cell (parent and daughter cells have the same amount)

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18
Q

In organisms that reproduce sexually, why do chromosomes come in pairs?

A

So that the offspring receives DNA from both parents.

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19
Q

Why do organisms reproduce?

A

To continue their population.

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20
Q

Explain how asexual and sexual reproduction differ?

A

Asexual - 1 parent, no “sex”
Sexual - 2 parents, egg needs fertilized by sperm

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21
Q

What is the purpose of sexual reproduction?

A

Two individuals give their offspring a mix of genetic material.

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22
Q

How does sexual reproduction contribute to how organisms evolve over time?

A

Every organism that is a product of sexual reproduction is different (in the way they look, think, smell, etc.)

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23
Q

Describe how diploid and haploid cells differ from one another.

A

Diploids have two complete sets of chromosomes while haploids only have one.

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24
Q

Why is meiosis an important process?

A

Meiosis ensures that the new organism has the correct number of chromosomes.

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25
Q

Why is it necessary for gametes to have half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells?

A

Gametes must have half the number as somatic cells because the zygotes need DNA from the mother and the father.

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26
Q

At which phase of meiosis does a cell first become a haploid?

A

Prophase II

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27
Q

What are three differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Meiosis: 2 phases, germ cells, crossing over
Mitosis: 1 phase, body cells, no crossing over

28
Q

Haploid or diploid: gametes

A

haploid

29
Q

Haploid or diploid: contain TWO sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

30
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains ONE set of chromosomes

A

haploid

31
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains 23 chromosomes in HUMANS

A

diploid

32
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes

A

diploid

33
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains 2n number of chromosomes

A

diploid

34
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains 1n number of chromosomes

A

haploid

35
Q

Haploid or diploid: produced during miTOsis

A

diploid

36
Q

Haploid or diploid: produced during meIOsis

A

haploid

37
Q

Haploid or diploid: somatic cells

A

diploid

38
Q

Haploid or diploid: meIOsis starts with

A

diploid

39
Q

Haploid or diploid: miTOsis starts with

A

diploid

40
Q

Haploid or diploid: produced in meiosis I

A

haploid

41
Q

Haploid or diploid: produced in meiosis 2

A

haploid

42
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains 2 of each chromosome type

A

diploid

43
Q

Haploid or diploid: contains one of each chromosome type

A

haploid

44
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A

46

45
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

A

23

46
Q

How many different types of chromosomes are in each human cell?

A

23

47
Q

How many SETS of chromosomes does a human zygote contain?

A

23

48
Q

How many TOTAL chromosomes does a human zygote contain?

A

46

49
Q

Why do gametes contain half the number of chromosomes as other cells?

A

So that when the sperm and egg combine, the offspring has all the DNA it needs.

50
Q

If it diploid cell contains 50 chromosomes, how many pairs of HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes are there?

A

25

51
Q

If a haploid cell contains 50 chromosomes, how many pairs of HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes are there?

A

50

52
Q

If a cell contains 20 different types of chromosomes how many total chromosomes are in the SOMATIC cells?

A

40

53
Q

If a cell contains 20 different types of chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the gametes?

A

10

54
Q

If a haploid cell contains 40 total chromosomes how many DIFFERENT TYPES are there in the somatic cells?

A

40

55
Q

If a haploid cell contains 40 total chromosomes how many DIFFERENT TYPES are there in the gametes?

A

40

56
Q

In what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

prophase I

57
Q

When do HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cells in meiosis?

A

Anaphase 1

58
Q

When do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in meiosis?

A

Metaphase II

59
Q

When are two daughter cells formed in meiosis?

A

Telophase I

60
Q

When do spindle fibers break down in meiosis?

A

Telophase I & II

61
Q

When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?

A

Anaphase II

62
Q

When do HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes pair up and line up in the middle of the cell in meiosis?

A

Metaphase I

63
Q

When are 4 daughter cells formed?

A

Telophase II

64
Q

When do haploid cells first form in meiosis?

A

Meiosis II

65
Q

Which stage is responsible for producing variation?

A

Prophase I (because of crossing over)

66
Q

When do centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell?

A

Prophase I & II

67
Q

When do centrioles break down?

A

Anaphase II

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