Bio Med Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four major blood vessels?
A
Aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, and vena cava
2
Q
How do the chordae tendineae along with papillary muscles work together?
A
Hold the flaps of the valves in place
3
Q
What is the biggest chamber of the heart?
A
The left ventricle
4
Q
What do atrioventricular valves do?
A
Separate the atria from ventricles
5
Q
What does bisecting a heart mean?
A
To separate the front and back of the heart
6
Q
What is the job of the septum?
A
Keeps oxygenated blood separate from deoxygenated blood
7
Q
What four valves are in a heart?
A
Tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve
8
Q
What do the chordae tendinae look like?
A
Small pieces of string
9
Q
Where does blood enter the heart?
A
The right atrium
10
Q
Describe the flow of the blood through the heart
A
Blood comes in through the right atrium, passes into the right ventricle, is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs where it becomes oxygenated. Then it goes into the left atrium, the left ventricle and into the bodies tissues through the aorta.
11
Q
Parts/steps of an autopsy (8)
A
External exam, internal exam, view internal organs, remove the organs, remove the brain, exam the organs, return the organs, sew up the body
12
Q
What are the five manners of death?
A
Natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined
13
Q
What is a cause of death
A
The disease or injury that that produces the disruption in the body (heart attack, gunshot wound, poisoning)
14
Q
What is a mechanism of death
A
The physiological thing that results in death (myocardial infarction, kidney failure, blood loss)
15
Q
What is a forensic toxicologist
A
They deal with biological samples (urine, blood)
16
Q
What is a forensic chemist
A
They analyze substances for chemicals
17
Q
What does the parietal lobe do and where is it located
A
Sensory perception, management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. It is located in the upper back portion of the brain
18
Q
What are the four lobes of the Brain?
A
Parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital
19
Q
What does the temporal lobe do and where is it located?
A
Processing auditory information and is located in your temples
20
Q
What does your occipital lobe do and where is it located
A
It is located in the back of your head and controls visual processing
21
Q
What is your frontal lobe do and where is it located
A
It is in the front part of your brain and controls management, planning, and social interaction.
22
Q
What is algor mortis
A
A way of determining TOD using body temp. It only works for the first 24 hours
23
Q
What is the Galister equation
A
98.4-temp/1.5= TOD
24
Q
What is rigor mortis
A
The stiffening of the body after death. It starts at 2-4 hours, fully sets in at 8-12 hours and releases at 48 hours when the body starts to decompose
25
What is liver mortis (lividity)
The process of blood pooling. Bruising sets in at 8-12 hours
26
What is eutymology
Bugs. Used to determine TOD after 48 hours
27
What is the levels of matter in a human body
cells, tissues. organs, organs system
28
What is a confirmatory test
A test that determines the exact substance
29
what is a presumptive test
A quick test that tell if there are any substances present
30
What are the four tissue types
epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective
31
What are the three types of muscular tissues
cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
32
What is a valve issue
When your valve is not sealed correctly and it backflows blood into your lungs
33
What is a PFO
A septal defect or a whole in your heart also known as patent foramen ovale
34
What is a CHF
Congestive heart failure is when your heart becomes thicker which leaves less room for oxygenated blood
35
What causes a heart attack
A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is caused by a blocked coronary artery
36
What is sepsis
Infectious bacteria in your blood stream
37
What is Bacterial endocarditis?
Infection in your heart and bacteria in your valves
38
What is a CTE
A chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a long term disease that is caused by repetitive blows to the head
39
What is a TBI
A traumatic brain injury is when one event damages your brain
40
What is nervous tissue
nerves, spinal cord, and brain are made of nervous tissues. Nervous tissue has an axon
41
What is epithelial tissue
It is made of cells aligned in sheets and connected to one another
42
What is muscle tissue
It can be striated, smooth, or cardiac. striated is attached to bones, smooth is on the walls of internal organs, and cardiac is on the wall of the heart. Muscle tissues have a striped appearance
43
What is connective tissue
Connects other tissues. Connective tissue cells are dispersed and have many strands going in different directions
44
What is the difference between the endocrine and the integumentary system
endocrine is the hormone system and integumentary is your outside covering of skin
45
What two systems include your skin
integumentary and lymphatic/immune
46
What is the CNS different from the PNS
The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system is the nerves throughout the body connected to the CNS
47
What is the right side of your heart referred to?
pulmonary
48
What is the left side of your heart referred to?
systemic
49
How many letters of DNA does sickle cell effect?
One
50
A treatment that changes your DNA and cures sickle cell
CRISPR
51
Disease where bone marrow creates an exorbitant amount of white blood cells
leukemia
52
What are the four types of blood cells
Red blood cell- erythrocyte
White blood cell- leukocyte
Platelets- thrombocytes
Plasma
53
With contact between two items, there will be an exchange of microscopic material
Locards Principal
54
What are the three parts that make up a hair shaft
cortex, medulla, and hair cuticle
55
How long has fingerprinting been used in criminal investigations?
Since 300 BC
56
What are the three main categories of fingerprints and what do they look like?
1. whorl (circle with surrounding circles)
2. arch (rainbow shape)
3. loop (similar to whorl but swirl)
57
12 imperfections that define your fingerprint
Minutiae
58
What are the functions of each blood cells?
Red blood cells- carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells- immune cells
Platelets- clotting
Plasma- Carries blood cells, glucose, and electrolytes
59
The universal donor is __ because it has no __
O, Antigens
60
The acceptor is __ because it has no __
AB, antibodies
61
What is the first steps of blood processing?
1. Presumptive blood test ( Castle Meyer test) - quick test, just tells you whether DNA is present
62
What is the second step of blood processing?
Blood typing
63
What is the third step of blood processing?
2. DNA extraction (soap breaks down cell membrane and alcohol binds
64
What is the fourth step of blood processing?
Make copies of DNA
65
What is PCR
Polymerase chain reaction (used to make copies of DNA)
66
What is the fifth step of blood processing
Chop up the DNA using restriction enzymes
67
What do restriction enzymes do?
Chop up DNA
68
DNA is __ stranded
double
69
What is the 6th step of blood processing?
Gel electrophoresis
70
How does gel electrophoresis work?
DNA is negatively charged so you use electricity to seperate it
71
The taller the height the __ diameter of the splatter
bigger
72
Why are luminol and leucocrystal violet presumptive blood tests not the best for blood testing?
They can give false positive results
73
What are the basic pairs of DNA
G-C
A-T
74
How do you measure DNA
By number of base pairs
75
When do you split the DNA
GGCC
76
What is the relationship between DNA and proteins?
DNA consists of numerous amino acids, which create proteins
77
Where is DNA found?
In the nucleus of white blood cells
78
How many hydrogen bonds do Guanine and Cytosine have
Three
79
How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine, Thymine, and Uracil have?
Two
80
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
Purine ( two carbon-nitrogen ring base) and Pyrimidines ( one carbon-nitrogen ring base)
81
Which nitrogenous bases are Purines?
Adenine and guanine
82
Which nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Tymine, and Uracil
83
What is the structure of DNA look like
A double helix
84
How many genes are sex-linked
1
85
how many genes are autosomal
22
86
How is DNA charged?
Negatively
87
What three parts does a nucleotide consist of?
Nitrogenous base, phosphate, and deoxiribose sugar
88
What does the phosphate group of a nucleotide consist of?
A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms
89
What is Chargaff's rule?
The nitrogenous bases pair together based on the amount of hydrogen bonds
90
What is the difference between a gene and a genome?
A gene is the complete set of a living being's DNA instructions and a gene is a section of a DNA sequence
91
What s PCR used for?
To copy DNA in case evidence gets contaminated or destroyed
92
What does the "sticky" end of a restriction enzymes mean?
a sticky end means one strand is longer than the other (has an unpaired base)
93
What does the blunt end of a restriction enzymes mean?
Both strands are equal length
94
If your strand of DNA has 10 base pairs how many nitrogenous bases and/or deoxyribose sugars would you have?
20
95
What do covalent bonds do?
Hold sugar and phosphate to the base
96
What does a deoxyribose sugar/pentose sugar shaped like or look like?
Shaped as a Pentagon and has 5 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms, and 5 oxygen atoms
97
What is created after DNA is cut by restriction enzymes?
RFLP (Reduced fragment length polymorphism)
98
Who discovered DNA?
Watson and Crick
99
What is the backbone of the DNA helix?
Covalent bonds
100
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
101
When was HIPAA stated?
1996
102
What is HIPAA's privacy rule called?
Protected health information (PHI)
103
Why is medical information protected through HIPAA?
Identifiable physical and medical information must be kept confidential along with name, address, etc.
104
What can't you share about a patient according to HIPAA?
Can't speak with anyone other than medical professsionals working on the case, medical information can not be left in Public space, and can not be shared with family members without consent (unless under age 18)
105
When can medical information be shared?
Information needed for payment benefit, can be shared with agencies required by public health laws, applying with workmen's compensation laws, after a disaster, to prevent abuse or viral diseases, and for legal proceedings and to identify a criminal.
106
What are two examples of a negative feedback loop
Body temperature and blood sugar
107
What are two examples of a positive feedback loop?
Childbirth and blood clotting
108
What is the difference between a positive and a negative feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop reduces the outcome, creating a balance. A positive feedback loop amplifies the outcome and produces instability
109
What is glucose?
A sugar
110
What is insulin?
A hormone that turns food into energy
111
What is glycogen?
A form of glucose that your body stores in your liver and muscles
112
What is glucagon?
A hormone that your pancreas makes to bring your blood sugar levels up
113
What is GLUT 4
A protein that is stimulated to go toward the plasma membrane
114
What are the two types of endocrine cells and where are they
Alpha cells: In the pancreas, elevate blood glucose
Beta cells: In the pancreas that make insulin
115
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
116
What is an LDL
A low-density lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells. Build up causes high blood pressure. Healthy level- less than 100 mg/dL
117
what is an HDL
A high density lipoprotein is responsible for moving excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver. Healthy level- over 60 mg/dL
118
What is mitral regurgitation?
A type of heart murmur that occurs on the left side of the heart, mitral valve does not close and pushes blood back to the left atrium.
119
What is wheezing
Asthma; a high pitched whistling noise caused by narrow airways
120
What Is crackles (rales)
A short clicking, rattling, popping caused by narrowed air ways by fluid
121
What is stridor?
A harsh, shrill sound caused by a partially obstructed windpipe (sounds like a seal barking)
122
What is rhonchi?
A snore-lie sound caused by partially obstructed airways
123
What is blood pressure?
The pressure that the blood experts against the wall of the artery as it passes through them
124
What is the difference between undigested and digested DNA?
Undigested DNA is random, but digested DNA is when the sequence is cut at specific points by restriction enzymes, creating RFLPs
125
Name the 10 body systems
Endocrine, Nervous/sensory, Cardiovascular, Integumentary, Respiratory, Lymphatic & Immune (Hematopoietic) , Urinary, Reproductive, muscular/ skeletal, and Digestive
126
What does the respiratory system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of the lungs, and trachea and is responsible for breathing
127
What does the cardiovascular system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood and is responsible for blood circulation
128
What does the digestive system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines is responsible for processing food
129
What does the endocrine system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of glands such as thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands and is responsible for hormone production
130
What does the urinary system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of kidneys and bladder and is responsible for waste elimination
131
What does the reproductive system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of the uterus and ovaries and is responsible for reproduction
132
what does the nervous/sensory system consist of and what does it do?
Brain, nerves, eyes, and ears and is responsible for communication and coordination between all parts of the body
133
What does the integumentary system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of skin, hair, and nail and protects against damage
134
What does the muscular/skeletal system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of muscles and bones and provides support, stability, and movement for the body.
135
What does the immune/lymphatic system consist of and what does it do?
Consists of spleen, bone marrow, and tonsils and it is responsible for blood production, maintenance of fluid, and disease prevention
136
What are the levels of matter in a humans body?
Cell, tissues, organs, organ system
137
What are the four major tissue types?
Epithelial, nervous, muscular, and connective
138
What is a CTE vs a TBI?
A CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) is a long term disease caused by multiple blows to the head, shown by holes in the brain. A TBI (traumatic brain injury) is when one event damages your brain
139
What is physical vs. chemical digestion?
Physical digestion is the mechanical act of breaking down food (chewing) and chemical digestion is using acids and enzymes to break down food
140
Organs that your food goes through while digesting food in order
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
141
What are metabolites?
Small molecules that are created during metabolism and provide clues as to what substances an individual digested and when
142
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and which do humans have?
Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles but eukaryotes do. Humans have eukaryotic cells
143
What is the kastle Meyer blood test?
A presumptive blood test that is used to analyze blood found at a crime scene
144
What is the link search method?
A way of finding clues in a crime scene by starting at a point of interest (like a door or evidence) and then moving on to other points of interes
145
What does a forensic chemist do?
Tests non-biological samples (pills, powders, and other substances ) to determine identity, components, or concentration
146
What is histology vs gross anatomy
Histology studies tissues at a microscopic level (tissues and cells) whereas gross anatomy studies things on a macroscopic level (muscles, bones, organs, or skin)
147
What does low oxygen saturation indicate?
Hypoxemia ( a problem created by blood flow or breathing)
148
What do high vs low temperatures indicate?
High- Fever/infection
Low- Hypothermia
149
What causes a fast heart rate?
Heart palpitations caused by stress, exercise, medication, or a medical condition
150
Too much sugar vs too little sugar in the bloodstream
Hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia
151
High vs low blood pressure
Hypertension vs hypotension
152
What is haell?
A restriction enzyme that cuts complimentary DNA strands at GGCC
153
Why is DNA negatively charged?
The phosphate group
154
High vs low white blood cells count
High- Infection, inflammation or leukemia
Low- Infections, viruses, or medication
155
High vs low red blood cell, hemoglobin, or hematocrit mean
High- indicates dehydration, heart disease, blood cancer, etc.
Low- Anemia
156
What do high vs low levels of platelets mean
Medical condition or side affect from medicine.
157
What is an angioplasty?
A procedure used on blocked coronary artery inflates a balloon which pushes cholesterol to the sides of the arteries or vein
158
What are the 6
agents of disease?
Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Helminths, and Fungi
159
Prevention of viruses
Vaccines
160
Treatments of Bacteria
Antibiotics
161
Which agents of disease are living?
Bacteria, Protists, Helminths, and Fungi
162
Which agents of disease are non-living?
Viruses and prions
163
Examples of prion disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
164
Examples of Viruses
Influenza, Hepatatis, and COVID
165
Examples of bacteria
Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and E. coli
166
Examples of Heminths
Worms (tape worm, pin worm, and round worm)
167
Examples of fungi
Ringworm, nail infections, and athletes foot
168
Type 1 diabetes
Pancreas does not make insulin because the body's immune system attacks islet cells that make insulin (beta cells)
169
Type 2 diabetes
The body becomes insulin resistant because the insulin receptor becomes desensitized
170
Symptoms of diabetes
Blurry vision, extreme thirst, and frequent urination
171
What is an allele?
A form of a gene at a specific location on a chromosome
172
What is a homologous chromosome?
A pair of two chromosomes, one inherited from each parent (xy chromosomes are not homologous)
173
What is mitosis?
When body cells divide once so each cell has 46 chromosomes
174
What is meiosis?
When the body cells divide twice to produce four cells with 23 chromosomes.
175
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis is with body cells (genetically the same) and meiosis is with sex cells (genetically different)
176
What is a zygote?
A eukaryotic cell that formed by fertilization between two gametes. Living instructions of a new organism. Created during meiosis
177
What is a nosocomial disease?
A hospital aquired infection
178
What is epidemiology?
The study of health related events in certain populations and using the research to control health problems (CDC and WHO)
179
What is autoclave
Using wet heat to clean and sterilize medical equipment
180
What is staph
Common bacteria on your skin, when your skin is punctured staph bacteria can enter the wound and cause an infection
181
What is MRSA
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus which is an infection caused by staph bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics
182
Examples of Protists disease
Malaria, Giardiasis, and Chagas disease
