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Principles of Bio Med > Bio Med Final > Flashcards

Bio Med Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major blood vessels?

A

Aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, and vena cava

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2
Q

How do the chordae tendineae along with papillary muscles work together?

A

Hold the flaps of the valves in place

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3
Q

What is the biggest chamber of the heart?

A

The left ventricle

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4
Q

What do atrioventricular valves do?

A

Separate the atria from ventricles

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5
Q

What does bisecting a heart mean?

A

To separate the front and back of the heart

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6
Q

What is the job of the septum?

A

Keeps oxygenated blood separate from deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

What four valves are in a heart?

A

Tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve

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8
Q

What do the chordae tendinae look like?

A

Small pieces of string

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9
Q

Where does blood enter the heart?

A

The right atrium

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10
Q

Describe the flow of the blood through the heart

A

Blood comes in through the right atrium, passes into the right ventricle, is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs where it becomes oxygenated. Then it goes into the left atrium, the left ventricle and into the bodies tissues through the aorta.

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11
Q

Parts/steps of an autopsy (8)

A

External exam, internal exam, view internal organs, remove the organs, remove the brain, exam the organs, return the organs, sew up the body

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12
Q

What are the five manners of death?

A

Natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined

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13
Q

What is a cause of death

A

The disease or injury that that produces the disruption in the body (heart attack, gunshot wound, poisoning)

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14
Q

What is a mechanism of death

A

The physiological thing that results in death (myocardial infarction, kidney failure, blood loss)

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15
Q

What is a forensic toxicologist

A

They deal with biological samples (urine, blood)

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16
Q

What is a forensic chemist

A

They analyze substances for chemicals

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17
Q

What does the parietal lobe do and where is it located

A

Sensory perception, management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. It is located in the upper back portion of the brain

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18
Q

What are the four lobes of the Brain?

A

Parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital

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19
Q

What does the temporal lobe do and where is it located?

A

Processing auditory information and is located in your temples

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20
Q

What does your occipital lobe do and where is it located

A

It is located in the back of your head and controls visual processing

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21
Q

What is your frontal lobe do and where is it located

A

It is in the front part of your brain and controls management, planning, and social interaction.

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22
Q

What is algor mortis

A

A way of determining TOD using body temp. It only works for the first 24 hours

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23
Q

What is the Galister equation

A

98.4-temp/1.5= TOD

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24
Q

What is rigor mortis

A

The stiffening of the body after death. It starts at 2-4 hours, fully sets in at 8-12 hours and releases at 48 hours when the body starts to decompose

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25
Q

What is liver mortis (lividity)

A

The process of blood pooling. Bruising sets in at 8-12 hours

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26
Q

What is eutymology

A

Bugs. Used to determine TOD after 48 hours

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27
Q

What is the levels of matter in a human body

A

cells, tissues. organs, organs system

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28
Q

What is a confirmatory test

A

A test that determines the exact substance

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29
Q

what is a presumptive test

A

A quick test that tell if there are any substances present

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30
Q

What are the four tissue types

A

epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective

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31
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissues

A

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

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32
Q

What is a valve issue

A

When your valve is not sealed correctly and it backflows blood into your lungs

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33
Q

What is a PFO

A

A septal defect or a whole in your heart also known as patent foramen ovale

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34
Q

What is a CHF

A

Congestive heart failure is when your heart becomes thicker which leaves less room for oxygenated blood

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35
Q

What causes a heart attack

A

A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is caused by a blocked coronary artery

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36
Q

What is sepsis

A

Infectious bacteria in your blood stream

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37
Q

What is Bacterial endocarditis?

A

Infection in your heart and bacteria in your valves

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38
Q

What is a CTE

A

A chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a long term disease that is caused by repetitive blows to the head

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39
Q

What is a TBI

A

A traumatic brain injury is when one event damages your brain

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40
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

nerves, spinal cord, and brain are made of nervous tissues. Nervous tissue has an axon

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41
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

It is made of cells aligned in sheets and connected to one another

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42
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

It can be striated, smooth, or cardiac. striated is attached to bones, smooth is on the walls of internal organs, and cardiac is on the wall of the heart. Muscle tissues have a striped appearance

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43
Q

What is connective tissue

A

Connects other tissues. Connective tissue cells are dispersed and have many strands going in different directions

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44
Q

What is the difference between the endocrine and the integumentary system

A

endocrine is the hormone system and integumentary is your outside covering of skin

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45
Q

What two systems include your skin

A

integumentary and lymphatic/immune

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46
Q

What is the CNS different from the PNS

A

The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system is the nerves throughout the body connected to the CNS

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47
Q

What is the right side of your heart referred to?

A

pulmonary

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48
Q

What is the left side of your heart referred to?

A

systemic

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49
Q

How many letters of DNA does sickle cell effect?

A

One

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50
Q

A treatment that changes your DNA and cures sickle cell

A

CRISPR

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51
Q

Disease where bone marrow creates an exorbitant amount of white blood cells

A

leukemia

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52
Q

What are the four types of blood cells

A

Red blood cell- erythrocyte
White blood cell- leukocyte
Platelets- thrombocytes
Plasma

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53
Q

With contact between two items, there will be an exchange of microscopic material

A

Locards Principal

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54
Q

What are the three parts that make up a hair shaft

A

cortex, medulla, and hair cuticle

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55
Q

How long has fingerprinting been used in criminal investigations?

A

Since 300 BC

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56
Q

What are the three main categories of fingerprints and what do they look like?

A
  1. whorl (circle with surrounding circles)
  2. arch (rainbow shape)
  3. loop (similar to whorl but swirl)
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57
Q

12 imperfections that define your fingerprint

A

Minutiae

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58
Q

What are the functions of each blood cells?

A

Red blood cells- carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells- immune cells
Platelets- clotting
Plasma- Carries blood cells, glucose, and electrolytes

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59
Q

The universal donor is __ because it has no __

A

O, Antigens

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60
Q

The acceptor is __ because it has no __

A

AB, antibodies

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61
Q

What is the first steps of blood processing?

A
  1. Presumptive blood test ( Castle Meyer test) - quick test, just tells you whether DNA is present
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62
Q

What is the second step of blood processing?

A

Blood typing

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63
Q

What is the third step of blood processing?

A
  1. DNA extraction (soap breaks down cell membrane and alcohol binds
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64
Q

What is the fourth step of blood processing?

A

Make copies of DNA

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65
Q

What is PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction (used to make copies of DNA)

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66
Q

What is the fifth step of blood processing

A

Chop up the DNA using restriction enzymes

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67
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Chop up DNA

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68
Q

DNA is __ stranded

A

double

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69
Q

What is the 6th step of blood processing?

A

Gel electrophoresis

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70
Q

How does gel electrophoresis work?

A

DNA is negatively charged so you use electricity to seperate it

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71
Q

The taller the height the __ diameter of the splatter

A

bigger

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72
Q

Why are luminol and leucocrystal violet presumptive blood tests not the best for blood testing?

A

They can give false positive results

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73
Q

What are the basic pairs of DNA

A

G-C
A-T

74
Q

How do you measure DNA

A

By number of base pairs

75
Q

When do you split the DNA

A

GGCC

76
Q

What is the relationship between DNA and proteins?

A

DNA consists of numerous amino acids, which create proteins

77
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of white blood cells

78
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do Guanine and Cytosine have

A

Three

79
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine, Thymine, and Uracil have?

A

Two

80
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Purine ( two carbon-nitrogen ring base) and Pyrimidines ( one carbon-nitrogen ring base)

81
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are Purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

82
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Tymine, and Uracil

83
Q

What is the structure of DNA look like

A

A double helix

84
Q

How many genes are sex-linked

A

1

85
Q

how many genes are autosomal

A

22

86
Q

How is DNA charged?

A

Negatively

87
Q

What three parts does a nucleotide consist of?

A

Nitrogenous base, phosphate, and deoxiribose sugar

88
Q

What does the phosphate group of a nucleotide consist of?

A

A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

89
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

The nitrogenous bases pair together based on the amount of hydrogen bonds

90
Q

What is the difference between a gene and a genome?

A

A gene is the complete set of a living being’s DNA instructions and a gene is a section of a DNA sequence

91
Q

What s PCR used for?

A

To copy DNA in case evidence gets contaminated or destroyed

92
Q

What does the “sticky” end of a restriction enzymes mean?

A

a sticky end means one strand is longer than the other (has an unpaired base)

93
Q

What does the blunt end of a restriction enzymes mean?

A

Both strands are equal length

94
Q

If your strand of DNA has 10 base pairs how many nitrogenous bases and/or deoxyribose sugars would you have?

A

20

95
Q

What do covalent bonds do?

A

Hold sugar and phosphate to the base

96
Q

What does a deoxyribose sugar/pentose sugar shaped like or look like?

A

Shaped as a Pentagon and has 5 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms, and 5 oxygen atoms

97
Q

What is created after DNA is cut by restriction enzymes?

A

RFLP (Reduced fragment length polymorphism)

98
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

99
Q

What is the backbone of the DNA helix?

A

Covalent bonds

100
Q

What does HIPAA stand for?

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

101
Q

When was HIPAA stated?

A

1996

102
Q

What is HIPAA’s privacy rule called?

A

Protected health information (PHI)

103
Q

Why is medical information protected through HIPAA?

A

Identifiable physical and medical information must be kept confidential along with name, address, etc.

104
Q

What can’t you share about a patient according to HIPAA?

A

Can’t speak with anyone other than medical professsionals working on the case, medical information can not be left in Public space, and can not be shared with family members without consent (unless under age 18)

105
Q

When can medical information be shared?

A

Information needed for payment benefit, can be shared with agencies required by public health laws, applying with workmen’s compensation laws, after a disaster, to prevent abuse or viral diseases, and for legal proceedings and to identify a criminal.

106
Q

What are two examples of a negative feedback loop

A

Body temperature and blood sugar

107
Q

What are two examples of a positive feedback loop?

A

Childbirth and blood clotting

108
Q

What is the difference between a positive and a negative feedback loop?

A

A negative feedback loop reduces the outcome, creating a balance. A positive feedback loop amplifies the outcome and produces instability

109
Q

What is glucose?

A

A sugar

110
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that turns food into energy

111
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A form of glucose that your body stores in your liver and muscles

112
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone that your pancreas makes to bring your blood sugar levels up

113
Q

What is GLUT 4

A

A protein that is stimulated to go toward the plasma membrane

114
Q

What are the two types of endocrine cells and where are they

A

Alpha cells: In the pancreas, elevate blood glucose
Beta cells: In the pancreas that make insulin

115
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

116
Q

What is an LDL

A

A low-density lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells. Build up causes high blood pressure. Healthy level- less than 100 mg/dL

117
Q

what is an HDL

A

A high density lipoprotein is responsible for moving excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver. Healthy level- over 60 mg/dL

118
Q

What is mitral regurgitation?

A

A type of heart murmur that occurs on the left side of the heart, mitral valve does not close and pushes blood back to the left atrium.

119
Q

What is wheezing

A

Asthma; a high pitched whistling noise caused by narrow airways

120
Q

What Is crackles (rales)

A

A short clicking, rattling, popping caused by narrowed air ways by fluid

121
Q

What is stridor?

A

A harsh, shrill sound caused by a partially obstructed windpipe (sounds like a seal barking)

122
Q

What is rhonchi?

A

A snore-lie sound caused by partially obstructed airways

123
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure that the blood experts against the wall of the artery as it passes through them

124
Q

What is the difference between undigested and digested DNA?

A

Undigested DNA is random, but digested DNA is when the sequence is cut at specific points by restriction enzymes, creating RFLPs

125
Q

Name the 10 body systems

A

Endocrine, Nervous/sensory, Cardiovascular, Integumentary, Respiratory, Lymphatic & Immune (Hematopoietic) , Urinary, Reproductive, muscular/ skeletal, and Digestive

126
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of the lungs, and trachea and is responsible for breathing

127
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood and is responsible for blood circulation

128
Q

What does the digestive system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines is responsible for processing food

129
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of glands such as thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands and is responsible for hormone production

130
Q

What does the urinary system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of kidneys and bladder and is responsible for waste elimination

131
Q

What does the reproductive system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of the uterus and ovaries and is responsible for reproduction

132
Q

what does the nervous/sensory system consist of and what does it do?

A

Brain, nerves, eyes, and ears and is responsible for communication and coordination between all parts of the body

133
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of skin, hair, and nail and protects against damage

134
Q

What does the muscular/skeletal system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of muscles and bones and provides support, stability, and movement for the body.

135
Q

What does the immune/lymphatic system consist of and what does it do?

A

Consists of spleen, bone marrow, and tonsils and it is responsible for blood production, maintenance of fluid, and disease prevention

136
Q

What are the levels of matter in a humans body?

A

Cell, tissues, organs, organ system

137
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

Epithelial, nervous, muscular, and connective

138
Q

What is a CTE vs a TBI?

A

A CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) is a long term disease caused by multiple blows to the head, shown by holes in the brain. A TBI (traumatic brain injury) is when one event damages your brain

139
Q

What is physical vs. chemical digestion?

A

Physical digestion is the mechanical act of breaking down food (chewing) and chemical digestion is using acids and enzymes to break down food

140
Q

Organs that your food goes through while digesting food in order

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

141
Q

What are metabolites?

A

Small molecules that are created during metabolism and provide clues as to what substances an individual digested and when

142
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and which do humans have?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles but eukaryotes do. Humans have eukaryotic cells

143
Q

What is the kastle Meyer blood test?

A

A presumptive blood test that is used to analyze blood found at a crime scene

144
Q

What is the link search method?

A

A way of finding clues in a crime scene by starting at a point of interest (like a door or evidence) and then moving on to other points of interes

145
Q

What does a forensic chemist do?

A

Tests non-biological samples (pills, powders, and other substances ) to determine identity, components, or concentration

146
Q

What is histology vs gross anatomy

A

Histology studies tissues at a microscopic level (tissues and cells) whereas gross anatomy studies things on a macroscopic level (muscles, bones, organs, or skin)

147
Q

What does low oxygen saturation indicate?

A

Hypoxemia ( a problem created by blood flow or breathing)

148
Q

What do high vs low temperatures indicate?

A

High- Fever/infection
Low- Hypothermia

149
Q

What causes a fast heart rate?

A

Heart palpitations caused by stress, exercise, medication, or a medical condition

150
Q

Too much sugar vs too little sugar in the bloodstream

A

Hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia

151
Q

High vs low blood pressure

A

Hypertension vs hypotension

152
Q

What is haell?

A

A restriction enzyme that cuts complimentary DNA strands at GGCC

153
Q

Why is DNA negatively charged?

A

The phosphate group

154
Q

High vs low white blood cells count

A

High- Infection, inflammation or leukemia
Low- Infections, viruses, or medication

155
Q

High vs low red blood cell, hemoglobin, or hematocrit mean

A

High- indicates dehydration, heart disease, blood cancer, etc.
Low- Anemia

156
Q

What do high vs low levels of platelets mean

A

Medical condition or side affect from medicine.

157
Q

What is an angioplasty?

A

A procedure used on blocked coronary artery inflates a balloon which pushes cholesterol to the sides of the arteries or vein

158
Q

What are the 6
agents of disease?

A

Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Helminths, and Fungi

159
Q

Prevention of viruses

A

Vaccines

160
Q

Treatments of Bacteria

A

Antibiotics

161
Q

Which agents of disease are living?

A

Bacteria, Protists, Helminths, and Fungi

162
Q

Which agents of disease are non-living?

A

Viruses and prions

163
Q

Examples of prion disease

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

164
Q

Examples of Viruses

A

Influenza, Hepatatis, and COVID

165
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and E. coli

166
Q

Examples of Heminths

A

Worms (tape worm, pin worm, and round worm)

167
Q

Examples of fungi

A

Ringworm, nail infections, and athletes foot

168
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas does not make insulin because the body’s immune system attacks islet cells that make insulin (beta cells)

169
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

The body becomes insulin resistant because the insulin receptor becomes desensitized

170
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Blurry vision, extreme thirst, and frequent urination

171
Q

What is an allele?

A

A form of a gene at a specific location on a chromosome

172
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

A pair of two chromosomes, one inherited from each parent (xy chromosomes are not homologous)

173
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When body cells divide once so each cell has 46 chromosomes

174
Q

What is meiosis?

A

When the body cells divide twice to produce four cells with 23 chromosomes.

175
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis is with body cells (genetically the same) and meiosis is with sex cells (genetically different)

176
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A eukaryotic cell that formed by fertilization between two gametes. Living instructions of a new organism. Created during meiosis

177
Q

What is a nosocomial disease?

A

A hospital aquired infection

178
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of health related events in certain populations and using the research to control health problems (CDC and WHO)

179
Q

What is autoclave

A

Using wet heat to clean and sterilize medical equipment

180
Q

What is staph

A

Common bacteria on your skin, when your skin is punctured staph bacteria can enter the wound and cause an infection

181
Q

What is MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus which is an infection caused by staph bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics

182
Q

Examples of Protists disease

A

Malaria, Giardiasis, and Chagas disease

Principles of Bio Med (14 decks)

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