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Pharmacology Fall 2016 > Beta-lactams II > Flashcards

Beta-lactams II Flashcards

1
Q

The cephalosporins are all natural or synthetic derivatives of ____ derived from ____ ____.

A

The cephalosporins are all natural or synthetic derivatives of CEPHALOTHIN derived from CEPHALOSPORIUM ACREMONIUM.

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis at the 3rd step in peptidoglycan synthesis

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3
Q

Are cephalosporins bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action for carbapenems?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis at the 3rd step in peptidoglycan synthesis

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action for monobactams?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis at the 3rd step in peptidoglycan synthesis

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for bacitracin?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis at the 2nd step (pyrophosphate) instead of PBP

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7
Q

Cephalosporins are not usually sensitive to ____, ____, or ____.

A

Cephalosporins are not usually sensitive to CLAVULANOIC ACID, SULBACTAM, or TAZOBACTAM.

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8
Q

Which group has more resistance problems, penicilllins or cephalosporins?

A

Penicillins - penicillinases are more common than cephalosporins.

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9
Q

Hypersensitivity to penicillins does not always lead to cephalosporin hypersensitivity. What does this tell us about the beta-lactam epitopes for the IgE?

A

The epitope is not the beta-lactam but likely a side chain.

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10
Q

List the 1st generation cephalosporins (3).

A
  1. Cephalexin
  2. Cefadroxil
  3. Cephapirin
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11
Q

How is cephalexin administered?

A

Orally

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12
Q

How is cefadroxil administered?

A

Orally

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13
Q

How is cephapirin administered?

A

Intramammary

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14
Q

List the 3rd generation cephalosporins (3).

A
  1. Cefpodoxime
  2. Ceftiofur
  3. Cefovecin
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15
Q

How is cefpodoxime administered?

A

Orally

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16
Q

How is ceftiofur administered?

A

Parenterally, intrammaray

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17
Q

How is cefovecin administered?

A

Parenterally

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18
Q

How is cefepime used in humans?

A

IV to treat Pseudomonas

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19
Q

Which drug has cross-reactivity with cefepime?

A

Cefquinome

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20
Q

List the 4th generation cephalosporins (2).

A
  1. Cefepime

2. Cefquinome

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21
Q

What is the 5th generation cephalosporin?

A

Ceftobiprole

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22
Q

What is the spectrum of 1st generation cephalosporins (cephalexin, cefadroxil, cephapirin)?

A

Gram (+)

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23
Q

What is the spectrum of 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefpodoxime, ceftiofur, cefovecin)?

24
Q

What is the spectrum of 4th generation cephalosporins (cefepime, cefquinome)?

25
Q

Which generation of cephalosporins is best at crossing the blood-brain-barrier?

A

3rd generation cephalosporins

26
Q

True or False: Cephalosporins are well-absorbed orally.

27
Q

The pKa of cephalosporins is 4-5, so they are ____ in the stomach.

A

Non-ionized

28
Q

Cephalosporins are more OR less ionized in the plasma compared to penicillins?

29
Q

Because cephalosporins are less ionized in the plasma than penicillins, do they have a higher or lower Vd?

30
Q

Are cephalosporins concentration-dependent, time-dependent, or AUC-dependent?

A

Time-dependent

31
Q

Sustained-release formulations are available fro which cephalosporins?

A
  1. Cefovecin

2. Ceftiofur

32
Q

There is also a ready-to-use formulation of ceftiofur. How does this formulation differ from the sustained-release?

A

The RTU formulation is NOT extended release and should NOT be administered IV.

33
Q

There are no potentiators available for cephalosporins, except one exception. What is that exception?

A

Cefpodoxime + clavulanic acid

34
Q

What is the #1 drug choice for staphylococcal pyoderma in the dog?

A

Cephalexin (1st generation cephalosporin)

35
Q

What is Cefpodoxime used for in small animals?

A

Cephalexin-insensitive pyoderma

36
Q

What is Cefovecin used for in the cat?

A

Treatment of pyoderma

37
Q

What is the disadvantage to Cefovecin in the dog?

A

Cost - too expensive

38
Q

Put the following in order of increasing cost: cephalexin, cefovecin, cefpodoxime.

A

Cephalexin –> cefpodoxime –> cefovecin

39
Q

What is the common name for Cefpodoxime?

40
Q

For what is Cephapirin used in the large animal?

A

Mastitis in dairy cattle, lactating (Today) or dry (Tomorrow)

41
Q

For what is Ceftiofur used in the horse?

A

Streptococcal pneumonia

42
Q

For what is Ceftiofur used in the pig?

A

Respiratory disease, including Salmonella cholerasuis

43
Q

For what is Ceftiofur used in dairy cattle?

A

Lactating or dry mastitis

44
Q

Which drug is the drug of choice for coliform mastitis?

A

Ceftiofur spectramast

45
Q

For what is Ceftiofur used in beef cattle?

A
  1. Pneumonia

2. Foot rot

46
Q

What are the 2 Carbapenems discussed?

A
  1. Imipenem

2. Meropenem

47
Q

Imipenem is metabolized by renal dehydropeptidase. What inhibits this enzyme and is thus included with imipenem?

48
Q

Are Carbapenems concentration-dependent, time-dependent, or AUC-dependent?

A

Time-dependent

49
Q

How would you administer Carbapenems and why?

A

Carbapenems are very ionic and irritation so only give IM in conjunction with lidocaine or IV.

50
Q

What is the drug class with the WIDEST spectrum of any antimicrobial group?

A

Carbapenems

51
Q

Carbapenems are mostly used for what type of infections?

A

Septic gram (-) infections

52
Q

List the potentiators for the Monobactams.

A

There are none

53
Q

What is the spectrum of the Monobactams?

A

Gram (-) aerobes

54
Q

What is the spectrum of Bacitracin?

A

Gram (+) aerobes

55
Q

How would you administer Bacitracin?

A

Topically, enterically, or orally (DO NOT INJECT AS THIS IS A NEPHROTOXIN)

56
Q

For what is Bacitracin used in the pig?

A

Swine dysentery (Brachyspira)

57
Q

For what is Bacitracin used in poultry?

A

Coccidiosis

Pharmacology Fall 2016 (17 decks)

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