BEHP 5012, Units 6-9 Flashcards by Cresanna Kahrl

Preference assessment in which stimuli are presented in pairs

Paired stimulus preference assessment

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List 7 purposes of behavioral assessment:

determine if a _____ with _____ _____
describe _____ and the _____
determine _____ _____ between behavior and the environment
provide information needed to develop _____ _____
monitor _____ _____
evaluate _____ _____
evaluate _____ and _____

Determine if a problem with behavior exists
Describe behavior and the environment
Determine functional relations between behavior and the environment
Provide information needed to develop behavior plans
Monitor program implementation
Evaluate treatment effectiveness
Evaluate maintenance and generalization

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Preference assessment in which all stimuli are available for the entire session. Subject is free to interact with as many or as few stimuli as they want. No stimuli are removed during the assessment.

Free operant preference assessment

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Functional assessment is AKA …

Functional behavior assessment (FBA)

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An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DV

Confound

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The first functional analysis research was published by …

Lovaas, 1965

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Indirect (informant-based) PA

Interview or questionnaire

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Duration based assessment designed to determine the extent to which stimuli displace problem behavior.

Competing stimulus assessment

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Descriptive assessment is AKA …

Direct descriptive functional assessment

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Concluding that the IV has not produced a change in the DV when in fact it has

Type II error

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FA design in which one condition is run at a time; less common because of amount of time required

Reversal design

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Preference assessment in which all stimuli are presented on the first trial, and selected stimuli are removed on subsequent trials.

Multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO)

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Treatment phase is divided into subphases, each involving a different behavioral criterion (i.e., different value of the IV). Criterion in each subphase more closely resembles the terminal behavioral goal.

Changing Criterion Design

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Systematically withdrawing treatment components to see if behavior change is maintained

Component analyses / sequential withdrawal

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The effects on a person’s behavior in one condition can be influenced by the subject’s experience in a prior condition

Sequence effects

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Used to clarify unclear selection-based preference assessment results

Duration-based assessments

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List 3 indirect assessment methods:

Record review
Interview
Paper-and-pencil questionnaires

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The “standard” FA was designed by …

Iwata et al. 1982

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How much effort is needed for reinforcement to be earned (compared to other behavior which might earn the same thing)

Efficiency of behavior

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Name 2 basic features of FA:

Direct observation

Measurement of behavior under test and control conditions

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Functional analysis is AKA …

Experimental analysis

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List 4 steps during an interview:

Ask open-ended questions
Ask follow-up questions
Acknowledge responses
Write notes or use recorder

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This preference assessment identifies the greatest quantity of possible reinforcers

Single stimulus PA

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Naturalistic direct observation PA

Observation of daily activities (relies on Premack principle)

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Concluding that the IV has produced a change in the DV when in fact the relation does not exist

Type I error

A type of behavioral assessment used to determine functional relations between challenging behavior and environmental events

Functional assessment

A study by Worsdell et al., 2000 determined that _____ was necessary to consistently evoke problem behavior during FA.

a contingency (consequence manipulation)

This preference assessment is most effective for identifying one highly preferred stimulus

Multiple Stimulus With Replacement (MSW)

This preference assessment results in a clear preference hierarchy

MSWO

List 3 general ways to conduct preference assessments

Indirect (informant-based) Naturalistic, direct observation Reinforcer sampling (empirical)

List 5 direct assessment methods:

``` Narrative recording ABC data collection Measuring dimensional and dimensionless quantities of behavior Scatterplots Observation of permanent products ```

Functional Analysis

A systematic gathering of information in order to make data-based decisions, regarding behavior and the environment

Behavioral assessment

Systematic manipulations of environmental events and observation of target behavior in a controlled setting

Functional analysis

List 3 design considerations of the Changing Criterion Design

Length of phases Magnitude of criterion changes Number of criterion changes

Assessment in which one task is available during all phases. There are no programmed consequences for task completion during BL. During the reinforcement phase the stimulus is delivered contingent on task completion.

Single operant reinforcer assessment

FA design in which one test condition is alternated with control - fairly common, more efficient than reversal, may assist in discriminability of conditions

Pairwise design

This design does not require stable baseline data:

Alternating Treatments / Multielement

Changing criterion to a previous subphase value and observing that behavior reverts to that criterion to bolster demonstration of experimental control

Bi-directional Change

A systematic presentation and examination of information or data regarding target behavior and its stimulus conditions in an ABC format

Sequence analysis

Observer produces a written narrative of an individual's responses throughout a specific period of time and a description of the environmental conditions under which the responses were emitted

Narrative recording

Conducted following a preference assessment to determine if the stimulus is a reinforcer

Reinforcer assessment

At the beginning of the interview ...

Build rapport and informally observe behavior, environment, and appearance of persons

Examination of the acceptability or viability of a programmed intervention

Social validity

Direct observation of behavior and environmental events in real-life contexts

Descriptive assessment

Preliminary indirect assessment includes ...

Interviews and rating scales

Multiple test conditions elevated relative to the control

Multiple control

These tools allow identification of some idiosyncratic antecedents and consequences

Narrative recording and ABC charting

FA design with rapid alteration between conditions

Multielement design

This preference assessment method may be prone to "false positives"

Single stimulus

FBA

Functional Behavior Assessment

Assessment in which two identical tasks are available. There are no programmed consequences for task completion during BL. If there is an increase in task completion from BL to the Sr phase, the stimulus is a reinforcer.

Concurrent operant reinforcer assessment

The terms "functional analysis" and "functional relation" were introduced by ...

Skinner

Methods for identifying an individual's preferences for tangible items or activities

Preference assessment (PA)

Assess reinforcer effectiveness as the response requirement increases

Progressive ratio (PR) schedules

A-B functional analysis was designed by...

Carr & Durand, 1985

Reinforcer sampling PA

Systematic preference assessment

Any formal method used to identify sources of reinforcement that maintain problem behaviors

Functional assessment

This preference assessment is best for identifying which stimuli are likely to be the most powerful reinforcers

Paired stimulus PA

Independent variables are implemented as dictated by the research or treatment plan

Procedural integrity

Examining information regarding current and past behavioral repertoire, environmental factors, and/or medical history

Records review

Consist of questions to ask within pre-selected topics

Behavioral interviews

Preference assessment in which all stimuli are presented on every trial

Multiple stimulus with replacement (MSW)

The systematic examination of the effects of a range of values of the IV

Parametric analysis

List 3 types of functional assessments

``` Indirect assessment (verbal report) Descriptive assessment (naturalistic observation) Functional analysis (experimental manipulation) ```

A systematic examination and/or presentation of information or data regarding the target behavior and its conditions

Pattern analysis

The likelihood that a problem behavior will occur in a given circumstance

Conditional probability

Steps after an interview

Review notes/recordings Summarize the findings: - describe behavior - identify environmental factors - identify potential functions - identify functionally equivalent behavior Decide whether to continue behavioral assessment

Changing criterion designs can only be used with...

behaviors already in the client’s repertoire

List 4 steps prior to interview: - select _____ - decide ____ to interview - decide _____ and _____ to interview - make an _____

instrument, who, when, where, appointment

Events not related to the IV that may affect the dependent variable

Extraneous variables

These evaluate whether treatment effects are evident before treatment occurs

Probes

Manipulation of antecedent events in natural settings

Structured assessment

An experimental approach to assessment in which behavior is observed repeatedly under well-defined test and control conditions

Functional analysis

List 7 advantages of the Alternating Treatments Design: - does not require _____ _____ - _____ of comparison - minimizes _____ _____ - minimizes _____ _____ - can be used with _____ ____ - can be used to assess _____ of _____ - ______ can begin immediately

``` Does not require treatment withdrawal Speed of comparison Minimizes irreversibility problems Minimizes sequence effects Can be used with unstable data Can be used to assess generalization of effects Intervention can begin immediately ```

Tests a specific hypothesis about the controlling variables for a problem behavior

Functional analysis methodology

Change in an IV that produces orderly and predictable change in a DV

Functional relation

List 9 goals of the Functional Assessment Interview:

Identify, define and describe: 1. behaviors 2. potential ecological events 3. events that predict occurrence of behaviors 4. potential function of behaviors 5. efficiency of behaviors 6. functionally equivalent alternative behaviors 7. communication methods 8. potential reinforcers 9. history of target behaviors and treatment

List 4 descriptive assessment procedures:

Scatterplot analysis Narrative recording ABC data collection Data collection of target behavior under different contexts/conditions

List 3 components of a functional assessment:

Preliminary indirect assessment Direct descriptive assessment Functional analysis (systematic manipulations)

A data collection form for problem behavior and the intervals of time behavior occurred. It provides a graphic display of data in a grid format. It is used to identify patterns of responding in natural settings.

Scatterplot