BEHP 5012, Units 1-5 Flashcards
Decrease the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer and abate behavior which is maintained by the reinforcer whose value has been lowered (decreased)
Transitive CAO
EO related to negative reinforcement
EO SR-
A decrease in the momentary frequency of behavior
Abative effect
The degree to which an intervention is implemented as described/designated
IV integrity
Any point within the plane of the chart represents a specific relationship between the two variables (dimensions) measured along each of the axis lines
Simple line graph
List 4 considerations in visual analysis of a graph
Level
Variability
Trend
Number of data points
Similar to event recording of a restricted or discriminated operant which has been converted to a percent
Percent occurrence
Baseline is collected on two behaviors; one treatment is implemented for each behavior; in the next phase, treatments are reversed
Reversal design
Vertical axis, represents the range of values of the dependent variable
Y-axis
A mathematical way to calculate trend
Split middle line of progress
List the steps of a preliminary assessment
- Determine who …
- Determine whether …
- Complete …
- Review …
- Meet …
6.
- Determine who has the authority to give consent for services
- Determine whether or not you have
the permission, skills, time, and resources to begin assessment - Complete intake paperwork or the equivalent (may be done by clerk)
- Review records and available data
- Meet client and begin observations
- Document
A response terminates a warning stimulus
Signaled avoidance
The repeated and systematic presentation and removal of a treatment and measurement of behavior while holding other factors constant
Single-Case Designs
Major change in the independent variable or a major (usually permanent) change in the environment.
Phase change
The overall direction taken by the data path through a set of data points
Trend
A systematic form of data examination, characterized by visual inspection of graphical displays of those data.
Visual data analysis
A discontinuous response measure in which a recording session is broken into short intervals of time; occurrence is recorded if a response happens during any part of the interval
Partial interval recording
The direction and degree of trend in a series of graphically displayed data points can be visually represented with a straight line drawn through the data
Trend lines
Primarily used in EAB; each response moves the ink stylus one unit (click) along its track. When it reaches the end of the track, it resets to zero and begins moving again, one click at a time. Paper moves under the stylus at a steady rate
Cumulative recorder
Characteristics of a good response definition
Objective, clear, complete
List 4 strategies for minimizing threats to validity
Measurement
Stability
Immediacy
Replication
Amount of time a target behavior occupies (episode or response)
Duration per occurrence
List the steps of event recording
- Record time observation began
- Count the responses
- Record time observation ended
- Divide: Count/unit of time
- Report as rate per unit of time
A discontinuous response measure in which a recording session is broken into short intervals of times; occurrence is recorded if the behavior occurs for the whole interval
Whole interval recording
A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus
Warning stimulus
An individually measured value of the target behavior (the DV) at a given point in time
Data point
The consistency of measurement
Reliability
Bisect the data, with close to an equal number of data points above the line as below the line
Best fit line
Assessment of the DV prior to the introduction or change of the IV
Baseline
Equal movements represent equal increases in the behavior. The behavior should be expressed in whole time units.
Y-axis units
An AO for negative punishment; evokes behavior that has resulted in its own termination in the past
Promise CAO-R
A concise statement that provides: Sufficient information to identify the dependent variables and the independent variables, and possibly other salient information necessary to visually interpret the data
Figure legend
Measuring the results of behavior
Permanent products
8 threats to internal validity (MADSHIRT)
Maturation Attrition Diffusion of treatment Selection bias History Instrumentation Regression towards the mean Testing
First baseline is continuous, but subsequent baseline data collection is conducted on an intermittent basis relative to the first baseline
Multiple probe technique
An EO for negative reinforcement; evokes avoidance behavior and evokes behavior that has resulted in its own termination in the past
Threat CEO-R
Repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition
Steady state strategy
Uses for IOA
Competence of new observers
Detecting observer drift
Validating collection methods
Increase confidence that interventions are responsible for behavior change
Document phase changes; placed at a point along the X-axis indicating the point in time when the phase change occurred for a clear visual separation between the data charted before the phase change, and the data collected after the phase change.
Phase change lines
3 elements of steady state strategy
Prediction, verification, replication
The effect of a stimulus on a specific response may be innate, due to the evolutionary history of that species
Phylogenic provenance
The treatment goals and achieved outcomes are acceptable, socially relevant, and useful to the individual receiving services and to those who care about the individual
Social validity
A series of straight lines connecting successive data points within a phase or condition
Data path
States what response measure was used to measure the dependent variable (target behavior)
Y-axis label
List 3 common uses of line graphs
Charting ABA data
Evaluating treatment effectiveness
Functional analyses
Any defined, observable, and measurable behavior which is the focus of assessment, analysis and intervention
Target behavior
An event that establishes another stimulus as a necessary condition to complete the response that the first event evokes, and thus establishes that second stimulus as a reinforcer
Transitive CEO
An AO for negative reinforcement; abates avoidance behavior and abates behavior that has resulted in its own termination in the past
Threat CAO-R
Trials to criterion steps
- Determine what one trial will be
- Decide how to report (number of trials or number of block trials)
- Record count as the measure
- Present data
AO related to positive reinforcement
AO SR+
States what time periods are represented by each successive data point
X-axis label
Exact count per interval
of intervals with 100% agreement/Number of intervals x100
EO related to negative punishment
EO SP-
A group of individuals is observed at the end of an interval. Count how many of the individuals are engaging in the target behavior. Compare with the total number of individuals. Percent of individuals engaging in behavior.
PLACHECK
A CEO-R ________ behaviors which in the past have removed the threat.
Evokes (escape behavior)
Runs from zero up to some number which is chosen by the creator of the graph
Y-axis range
CEO related to positive reinforcement
CEO Sr+
Latency recording (2 considerations)
Specify when to start recording (at the onset or offset of the stimulus) and when to stop recording (at the beginning or end of the response cycle).
A discontinuous response measure in which a response is recorded as occurring only if it occurs at the point in time in which an interval ends.
Momentary time sampling
No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event
Unsignaled avoidance
IOA should be collected and scored for a minimum of ___ of observations
33%
List 3 factors to consider when selecting a response measure
The dimensional quantity of interest
The estimated rate of the behavior
Whether to measure responses or episodes
EO related to positive reinforcement
EO SR+
The extent to which a study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behaviors
External validity
The onset of painful stimulation establishes the reduction or offset of this stimulation as an effective form of reinforcement and evokes behavior that achieved such reduction or offset
Negative reinforcement
The quantitative results of deliberate, planned, and usually controlled observation
Data
The extent to which measures of behavior under the same environmental conditions diverge from one another
Variability
List 3 types of data display:
- Data may be embedded in text.
- Data may be presented in summary form, usually as a structured data table (a numerical representation of data)
- Data may be presented in graphical form (a visual representation of data)
EO related to reinforcement
EO SR
The application of the principles of operant and respondent learning derived from the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of methods and procedures validated by ABA researchers to assess and improve socially important human behaviors
ABA Practice
A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history
Conditioned motivating operations
List 3 characteristics of a good response definition
Objective, clear and complete
MO related to reinforcement
MO SR
The mean (average) value of a set of data points, usually across an entire condition or phase
Level
Singular form of the term ‘data’
Datum
Effects on behavior in one condition resulting from experience with a prior condition
Sequence effects
The number of consecutive opportunities to respond required to achieve a performance standard. Record each opportunity to respond until the performance standard is met.
Trials to criterion
EO related to punishment
EO SP
Baseline phase followed by a treatment phase; effect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one phase to the next
A-B design
Can be marked according to the needs of the behavior analyst to promote the most useful analysis. Can be marked as any specified recorded observation periods, over a period of time.
X-axis units
Brief labels, placed at the top of the chart, that identify each separate major phase of treatment
Phase labels
AO related to positive punishment
AO SP+
List the steps of event recording for restricted operants
- Record time observation began
- Record each antecedent
- Record each response
- Record time observation ended
- Report as (responses/antecedents)/unit of time
List reasons for selecting a target behavior:
- helps individual _____ _____
- behavior deficit makes …
- behavior is _____, _____ or _____
- behavior is controlled by _____ or _____
- behavior _____ _____ from social situations
- behavior interferes with _____ ______
Helps individual achieve outcomes
Behavior deficit makes the person too dependent on others
Behavior is harmful, dangerous or illegal
Behavior is controlled by meds or restraints
Behavior excludes individual from social situations
Behavior interferes with independent functioning
The practitioner gathers basic information about the case, determines if behavioral services are appropriate, and if he/she is the appropriate provider of those services
Preliminary assessment
Mean count per interval
Total agreement in each interval/Number of intervals x100
Represents the relationship between the IV and the DV on a graph
Data path
Abscissa
Horizontal X-axis
A motivating operation that decreases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)
Abolishing operation
IOA should be at or above …
80%
UEO related to positive reinforcement
UEO SR+
List 7 dimensionless quantities of discontinuous response measures
Percent occurrence Trials to criterion Discrete categorization Partial interval recording Whole interval recording Momentary time sampling PLACHECK
List 4 graphic displays used in ABA
Equal interval line graph
Cumulative records
Bar graph
Semi-logarithmic graphs
Life changes that represent a person’s aspirations, dreams, and broad preferences
Outcomes
Minor changes occur in the independent variable or there is a minor (usually temporary) change in the environment
Condition change lines
Mark changes occurring within a phase
Condition labels
Repeated, systematic presentation and removal of an IV while measuring changes in the DV and holding other factors constant
Experimental design
A relatively simple visual format for displaying data
Graph
List 6 types of problems with behavior
Skill deficits Problems with strength of behavior Problems with performance Problems with stimulus control Problems with generality Behavior excesses
The primary goals of systematic experimental manipulation
To demonstrate a functional relation between the IV and the DV, and to evaluate the interventions once they are decided upon
Frequency polygon
Line graph
AO related to reinforcement
AO SR
Vertical axis represents the value of a dependent variable. Horizontal axis represents a phase, condition, or classification variable.
Bar graph (histogram)
Developed by Skinner as the primary means of data collection and analysis in EAB lab research
Cumulative record
An EO for negative punishment; abates behavior that has resulted in its own termination in the past
Promise CEO-R
Those skills and abilities that enable the individual to meet standards of personal independence and responsibility that would be expected of his or her age and social group
Adaptive behavior
The extent to which an analysis assures that measured changes in behavior are due to the manipulation and not due to uncontrolled extraneous variables
Internal validity
Directly measure a dimensional quantity of behavior (direct)
Continuous response measures
3 Situations to use cumulative graphs
When total number of responses over time is important ($ saved)
When used for participant feedback
When target bx can only occur/not occur once per session
Two main methods of IOA
Total count / Percent agreement
An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event
Motivating operation
EO related to positive punishment
EO SP+
Start timing at the end of the response cycle. Stop timing at the beginning of the next response cycle.
Inter-response time recording
An SDP _______ behaviors which in the past have produced the punisher.
Abates
Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus
Escape
MO related to punishment
MO SP
The coefficient of agreement between two or more independent observers. Usually calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of agreements by the total number of agreements plus disagreements, then multiplying by 100
Inter-observer agreement
A motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)
Establishing operation
AO related to punishment
AO SP
Abolishes its own termination as an effective form of negative reinforcement or punishment
Reflexive CAO
Acquire the properties of an AO through contingent pairing with UAOs in much the same way that stimuli become Srs through pairing
Surrogate CAO
Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class
Functional relation
Do not measure behavior directly (indirect)
Discontinuous response measures
Total amount of time an individual engages in an activity (over a specified period)
Duration per session
These lead to outcomes
Behavior and behavior change
Baseline is followed by a treatment condition and then a return to baseline condition
Withdrawal design
Based on a Cartesian plane, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines (one vertical, one horizontal)
Equal interval line graph
Two or more independent baselines are established; the IV is introduced in a staggered fashion to each baseline - when behavior is stable for the first baseline, the IV is introduced to the second baseline, and so on
Multiple baseline design
Acquire the properties of an EO through contingent pairing with UEOs in much the same way that stimuli become Srs through pairing
Surrogate CEO
Terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus
Avoidance
Ordinate
Vertical Y-axis
List 7 parts of an equal interval line graph:
The horizontal X-axis The vertical Y-axis Data points The data path Condition and phase change lines Condition and phase change labels Figure legend
An increase in the momentary frequency of behavior
Evocative effect
AO related to negative punishment
AO SP-
Horizontal axis, represents the passage of time
X-axis
Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of IV to the next level or kind of IV
Phase change
The effect of the stimulus on a specific response may be learned, due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment
Ontogenic provenance
Establishes its own termination as an effective form of negative reinforcement or punishment
Reflexive CEO
AO related to negative reinforcement
AO SR-
Discontinuous response measure used for behavior targed for increase because it tends to under-report behavior
Whole interval recording
Estimate IRTs when given the _____, provided that the _____ is not too great and there are no _____
rate, variability, outliers
List 4 dimensional quantities of continuous response measures
event, latency, duration, IRT
Discontinuous response measure used for behavior targeted for decrease because it tends to over-report behavior
Partial interval recording
Used when outlying data points skew the level line in a way that makes it non-representative of the data set as a whole
Median Level
A method for classifying responses into discrete categories
Discrete categorization
The rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall rate has been given
Local response rate
