BEHP 5011, Units 1-5 Flashcards
Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of positive punishment
S-delta P+
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response
Positive Punishment
A stimulus that follows, that is, occurs after a response
Consequence
An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
Reinforcement
The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement
Operant extinction
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and which increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
Negative reinforcement
An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event.
Motivating operation
A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers
Conditioned reinforcer
The total constellation of stimuli and conditions which can affect behavior
Environment
A grouping of individual actions or responses that share those commonalities included in the class definition
Response class
A temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus (usually aversive).
Potentiation
When differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing the same response when those stimuli are not present.
Discrimination
A discrimination in which reinforcing a response is contingent (conditional) on another stimulus
Conditional discrimination
Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction.
Differential reinforcement
A stimulus which precedes, that is, occurs before a response
Antecedent
SD for SR
Discriminative stimulus for reinforcement
Sp+
Conditioned positive punishment
SP-
Unconditioned negative punishment
To strongly, consistently and reliably evoke; used exclusively for respondent functional relations
Elicit
Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact
Philosophical doubt
No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event.
Unsignaled avoidance
Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness
Automaticity
Consist of the situation (set of circumstances) in which behavior occurs at any given time
Environmental context
Discriminative stimulus for punishment; abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence
SDP for SP
When the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.
Stimulus control
The onset of the CS must come first, before the onset of the US; 1-2 second delay; very effective
Short delay conditioning
SDP+
Discriminative stimulus for positive punishment
A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance
Unconditioned reinforcer
A decrease in the momentary frequency of a response class
Abative effect
Effect of consequences on discriminative stimuli
Function-altering
A temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. Transitory, only used in reference to reflexes.
Habituation
List the 3 fundamental properties
Temporal locus, temporal extent, repeatability
The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on.
Natural selection
S-delta P for (XSPX)
Discriminative stimulus for withholding punishment
A fundamental quality of a natural phenomenon
Property
A response can reoccur
Repeatability
S-delta R+
Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement
SDR-
Discriminative stimulus for negative reinforcement
Terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of an aversive stimulus
Avoidance
A stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
Reinforcer
The tendency of a learned response to occur in the presence of stimuli which were not present during training but which either have some similar physical properties to the SD or have been associated with the SD.
Simulus generalization
The philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis. Posits that behavior is the subject matter of our science.
Behaviorism
A stimulus which has no eliciting effect on behavior prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus or another conditioned stimulus.
Neutral stimulus
A specific instance of behavior
Response
A collection of two or more topographically different responses that all have the same effect on the environment, usually producing a specific class of reinforcers.
Functional response class
Discriminative stimuli and motivating operations are ________ antecedents
Behavior-altering
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
Extinction
Discovered the Law of Effect
Edward Lee Thorndike
Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of negative punishment
S-delta P-
A response which is elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to prior learning
Conditioned response
S-delta for (XSRX)
Discriminative stimulus for extinction
The effect of a stimulus on a specific response may be innate, due to the evolutionary history of that species.
Phylogenic provenance
Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences
Operant behavior
The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned reflex.
Respondent spontaneous recovery
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
Learning
A person explicitly arranged the contingency
Planned reinforcement
The contingency was not explicitly arranged
Unplanned reinforcement
SP+
Unconditioned positive punishment
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
Positive reinforcement
A quantifiable aspect of a property
Dimensional quantities
CS and US occur at the same time; usually not effective
Simultaneous conditioning
Behavior is NOT likely to occur under the current conditions
Abate
Sr-
Conditioned negative reinforcement
List 3 types of contingencies
S-S contingencies (pairing), R-S contingencies, S-R-S contingencies (3-term contingency)
Change in one of the other dimensional quantities of behavior over time.
Celeration
Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions
Punishment
Behavior is likely to occur now, under the current conditions
Evoke
An increase in the momentary frequency of a response class
Evocative effect
A change in the environment which can affect behavior
Stimulus
List examples of human reflexes
Patellar reflex, eye blink reflex, lachrymal reflex, pupillary reflex, respiratory reflex, sneeze reflex, cough reflex, rooting reflex, sucking reflex, salivation reflex, swallowing reflex, peristalsis reflex, reverse peristalsis reflex, reflex related to low/high temp, reflex related to loud sound, withdrawal reflex, activation reflex
List the 5 philosophical assumptions
Determinism, empiricism, parsimony, philosophical doubt, pragmatism
The process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with the US.
Respondent extinction
S-delta P-
Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of negative punishment
SDR+
Discriminative stimulus for positive reinforcement
The number of responses or number of cycles of the response class
Countability
SDP for SP
Discriminative stimulus for punishment
A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforcers
Time out from positive reinforcement
A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world.
Science
A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on learning history
Conditioned motivating operations
An operant class that is established through the process of differential reinforcement with respect to the presence or absence of antecedent stimuli.
Discriminated operant
Discriminative stimulus for positive reinforcement
SDR+
Configuration, form, or shape of a response
Topography
The tendency of behavior to occur more frequently in the presence of a particular stimulus because the behavior has been reinforced only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus.
Discriminative control
SR+
Unconditioned positive reinforcement
The amount of time between a stimulus and a response
Latency
List 4 natural sciences
Physics, chemistry, biology, behavior analysis
A single response occurs in time
Temporal locus
This process of behavioral variability, selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime
Operant selection
A stimulus which elicits a conditioned response due to prior learning; that is, due to ontogenic provenance. Only used in reference to reflexes and respondent behavior.
Conditioned stimulus
A response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning; only used to refer to respondent behavior
Unconditioned response
A dependency between events
Contingency
A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
A simple relation between a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response.
Conditioned reflex
Sr+
Conditioned positive reinforcement
Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior
Empiricism
SDP-
Discriminative stimulus for negative punishment
A neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than with a US.
Higher order conditioning
Inherited biological factors, genetic factors
Phylogenic factors
The beginning, middle, and end of a response
Response cycle
A collection of two or more responses which share a common form
Topographical response class
The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment
Recovery from punishment
S-delta P+
Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of positive punishment
A simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific, innate, involuntary response
Unconditioned reflex
Operant antecedents never function independently from …
Consequences
Causes of behavior, probalistic
Determinants of behavior
The tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus.
Sensitization
Discriminative stimulus for extinction; abates behavior because in the past that behavior has not been reinforced in its presence
S-delta for (XSRX)
A natural science that studies functional relations between behavior and environmental events.
Behavior Analysis
A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions.
Stimulus class
Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response
Consequential operation (-)
The spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimuli.
Respondent stimulus generalization
A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history
Unconditioned motivating operations
The effects or results of a response on the environment
Function
The time between two successive responses
IRT
Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement
S-delta R-
Empirical phenomena; direct observation and measurement of phenomena or its permanent products
Natural science
The consequence is mediated by another person
Socially mediated reinforcement
When differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing some responses and not reinforcing other responses
Differentiation
Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement
S-delta R+
Discriminative stimulus for negative punishment
SDP-
B.F. Skinner’s philosophy of the science of human behavior. Most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of behavior analysis
Radical behaviorism
If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high-probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less-preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less-preferred” behavior will increase
Premack Principle
A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance
Unconditioned punisher
A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers
Conditioned punisher
The ratio of the number of responses over some period of time.
Rate
The basic process by which operant learning occurs
Operant conditioning
Discriminative stimulus for reinforcement; evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has been reinforced in its presence
SD for SR
List 3 social sciences
Psychology, sociology, political science
Repeating any part of an experiment
Replication
A response occupies time
Temporal extent
Current and past environmental events, experiential history
Ontogenic factors
Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions
Law of Effect
Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class
Functional relation
A simple relation between an antecedent stimulus and a reflex response.
Reflex
Behavior that can be observed by others, even though special instrumentation may be required at times.
Public behavior
Discriminative stimulus for negative reinforcement
SDR-
The onset of the US must come before the onset of the CS; almost always ineffective
Backwards conditioning
Contingently present a stimulus immediately after the response
Consequential operation (+)
The offset of the CS must come before the onset of the US; sometimes effective
Trace conditioning
The nearness of events in time
Temporal contiguity
Differential reinforcement leads to neutral stimuli becoming able to evoke or abate a response. This is a ___________ effect.
Function-altering
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that behavior
Negative Punishment
Systematic manipulation of an independent variable
Experimentation
Discriminative stimulus for withholding punishment; evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has not been punished in its presence
S-delta P for (XSPX)
Cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group
Cultural selection
A stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning; only used to refer to reflexes and respondent behavior
Unconditioned stimulus
Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus
Escape
The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior
Resurgence
The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction
Operant spontaneous recovery
List 4 goals of science
Description, prediction, control and development of technology
S-delta R-
Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement
Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered
Parsimony
The process in which repeated cycles occur of variation, interaction with the environment, and differential replication as a function of the interaction
Selection
Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application
Pragmatism
The effect of a stimulus on a specific response may be learned, due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment.
Ontogenic provenance
List the 6 basic operations
Direct observation, repeated measures, graph data, manipulation, systematic evaluation, analysis and interpretation
An antecedent stimulus which evokes or abates a specific behavior, due to a past history of differential availability of reinforcement or punishment for that behavior, dependent on their presence versus their absence.
Discriminative stimulus
SR-
Unconditioned negative reinforcement
Simplest type of operant contingency
R-S (response-stimulus)
List contributions of BF Skinner
EAB, operant chamber, principles of operant conditioning, radical behaviorism, analysis of verbal behavior, cumulative recorder, programmed instruction
Discriminative stimulus for positive punishment
SDP+
A stimulus - stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
Respondent conditioning
The amount of time between the beginning and end of the response cycle.
Duration
The universe is a lawful and orderly place
Determinism
Sp-
Conditioned negative punishment
Everything that an organism does. The interaction of the muscles, glands, and other parts of a live organism with the environment.
Behavior
A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus
Warning stimulus
Behavior that cannot be observed by others; it is only accessible to the organism who is engaging in the private event.
Private behavior
The onset of the CS must come first, before the onset of the US; up to 30 second delay; usually effective
Long delay conditioning
The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence. That is, the consequence is not mediated by another person.
Automatic reinforcement
Hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm; indirect observation and measurement
Social science
A reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context.
Adaptation
