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Esthetics > Basics of Chemistry & Nutrition > Flashcards

Basics of Chemistry & Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Name some organic substances that you wouldn’t have thought would be considered organic substances.

A

Gasoline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides, fertilizers

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2
Q

The simplest for of chemical matter

A

an element

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3
Q

How do we identify elements

A

by a letter symbol

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4
Q

The smallest particle of an element

A

Atom

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5
Q

This is formed when two are more atoms are chemically joined together

A

Molecule

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6
Q

The 3 states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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7
Q

What is it called when a substance changes its’ state but not it’s chemical composition (ex: water to ice)

A

a physical change

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8
Q

What is it called when a substance changes its’ chemical composition making a new substance with properties different from the original (ex:wood to ash)

A

chemical change

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9
Q

What is the most abundant element found on earth?

A

oxygen

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10
Q

What is the composition of air

A

1 part oxygen, 4 parts nitrogen and a little carbon dioxide

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11
Q

What is the most commonly used ingredient in cosmetics

A

water

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12
Q

What is the pH scale range?

A

0-14

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13
Q

What happens during ionization?

A

an atom or molecule splits creating a pair of ions with opposite charges

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14
Q

What color is acid on litmus paper

A

red

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15
Q

What color is a base on litmus paper

A

blue

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16
Q

What is the natural pH of skin?

A

5.5-slightly acidid

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17
Q

What does an oxidizing agent do?

A

Gives/Looses oxygen to another substance (oxidizes another substance)

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18
Q

What does a reduction agent do?

A

Takes from or gains oxygen from another substance (reduces another substance)

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19
Q

The substance that is being disolved is called….

A

solute

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20
Q

The substance that disolves another substance is called

A

solvent

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21
Q

Liquids that are mutually soluble are called? Ex: water and alcohol

A

miscible

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22
Q

liquids that are not mutually soluble are called? Ex: water and oil

A

immiscible

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23
Q

What is a slightly miscible mixture called?

A

suspension

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24
Q

What keeps the substances in an emulsion from separating?

A

an emulsifier

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25
Q

With proper storage, how long should an emulsion remain stable (or be kept from separating)

A

approximately 3 years

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26
Q

What do surfactants do?

A

emulsify oil and water

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27
Q

Give some examples of oil in water emulsions

A

moisturizing lotions, cleansing lotions, milky liquids

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28
Q

Give examples of water in oil emulsions

A

cleansing creams, cold creams, night creams, massage creams, suntan lotions (contain more oil than water)

29
Q

What are some factors that determine your nutritional needs?

A

age, sex, weight, physical activity, body type

30
Q

What is a way to prevent from getting too many calories?

A

choose foods high in nutrients but low in calories

31
Q

When do a woman’s nutritional needs increase?

A

pregnancy and lactation

32
Q

What is an example of a natural monosaccharide

A

fructose (fruit sugar)

33
Q

What are proteins?

A

chains of amino acids

34
Q

The proteins of plants and animals are made form how many “common” amino acids?

A

20

35
Q

What are necessary for a balanced diet?

A

Vitamins and minerals

36
Q

What is the recommended intake of protein, fats, and carbohydrates?

A

20% protein, 26% fat, 54% carbohydrates

37
Q

What are some examples of complete proteins that should be limited in the diet?

A

meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products

38
Q

What are the main dietary sources of protein?

A

animal meats, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, grains, beans

39
Q

What is the most basic unit of a carbohydrate

A

the glucose molecule also known as a monosaccharide

40
Q

What is another name for fiber

A

roughage

41
Q

What are the two categories of fiber

A

soluble and insoluble

42
Q

What will happen to your blood sugar without adequate carbohydrates?

A

hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

43
Q

What helps balance glucose levels?

A

eating good or complex carbohydrates (whole grains)

44
Q

What is an essential component of good health that many people associate with obesity?

A

Fats

45
Q

How does the body manufacture fats when needed?

A

from carbohydrates and proteins

46
Q

Which can lead to health problems if too much is consumed…Omega 3 or Omega 6?

A

Omega 6

47
Q

Which does the typical american diet have more of…..Omega 3 or Omega 6?

A

Omega 6

48
Q

What system in the body can absorb phospholipids and triglycerides?

A

the lymph system

49
Q

How many calories in fat, protein, carbs.

A

fat-9 calories, protein-4 calories, carb-4calories

50
Q

What has proven to show great benefits to the skin of not only consumed internally but applied externally as well?

A

vitamins and minerals

51
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

52
Q

Name the water soluble vitamins

A

All the B vitamins and Vitamin C

53
Q

What are provitamins?

A

precursory substances that contain a vitamin which will convert to the actual vitamin once in the body

54
Q

Name an example of a provitamin and what it converts to in the body

A

Beta-carotene converts to Vitamin A

55
Q

What is known as the sunshine vitamin?

A

Vitamins D

56
Q

What are some dietary sources of Vitamin D?

A

fortified milk, fish oils, egg yolks, and butter

57
Q

What is another name for Vitamin E?

A

tocopherol

58
Q

What is a great benefit to the body from vitamin E?

A

It helps heal damage to tissues (internally and externally)

59
Q

How many B vitamins are there?

A

8

60
Q

What types of foods contain B6?

A

meats, soybeans, fish, walnuts, bananas, potatoes, prunes, avocados

61
Q

Which B vitamin will decrease with age due to decreased absorption?

A

Vitamin b12 (cobalamine)

62
Q

What is another name for Vitamin C?

A

ascorbic acid

63
Q

What mineral aids in protein synthesis and collagen formation?

A

Zinc

64
Q

What mineral is needed for healthy teeth and bones?

A

fluoride

65
Q

What are some functions of potassium?

A

energy, water balance, muscular movement, blood pressure regulation, heart and nervous system function

66
Q

What in a diet can trigger acne?

A

Iodine

67
Q

What is the formula for calculating how much water you should have daily?

A

your body weight divided by 2 then divided by 8

68
Q

How can you practice wellness inside and out?

A

See bullet points pages 221-222

Esthetics (17 decks)

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