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Senoir 21-2 > Basic Oncology > Flashcards

Basic Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

A

Carcinoma

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2
Q

Define: cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissues

A

Sarcoma

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3
Q

Define: cancer that starts in the blood-forming tissue

A

Leukemia

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4
Q

A tumor that remain in their primary location, do not invade tissues, do not metastasize, grow slowly, have distinct borders

A

Benign

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5
Q

A tumor that grow uncontrollably, grow quickly, able to spread locally and to distant sites (metastasize), have irregular borders

A
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6
Q

Define: An abnormal mass of tissue as a result of abnormal cellular proliferation and irregular apoptosis.

A

Tumor/ Neoplasm

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7
Q

3 types of spread for cancer

A

Seeding (direct)
Lymphogenous (carcinomas)
Hematogenous (Sarcomas)

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8
Q

What is a Proto-oncogenes

A

NORMAL cellular genes that regulate cellular growth and differentiation

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9
Q

Define: mutated proto-oncogenes that stimulate unregulated, abnormal cellular division
-Promote tumor progression

A

Oncogenes

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10
Q

Modifiable vs Non-Modifiable Rsk factors for cancer

A

Non-Modifiable risk factors
-Age
(Single greatest non-modifiable risk factor for cancer)
-Genetics

Modifiable risk factors

  • Tobacco
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Nutrition
  • Physical activity/obesity
  • Exposures - carcinogens
  • Radiation & chemicals
  • Infectious pathogens
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11
Q

Alcohol consumption can lead to what types of cancer

A

Increased association with head/neck, esophagus and liver cancers, possible association w/ breast cancer

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12
Q

What is the role of cancer screening

A

Primary ! prevention of Cancer

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13
Q

What is the USPSTF recommendation screening for breast cancer

A

Mammography every 2 years between 50-74

Also recommends against the teaching of SBE and states insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harm of CBE

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14
Q

What is the AMERCIAN CANCER SOCIETY recommendation for breast cancer screening

A

Yearly mammography beginning at age 45; can switch to every 2 years age >55 (up to 74)

Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual breast cancer screening
-Recommends against clinical breast examination (CBE) and self breast examination (SBE) - lack of evidence to suggest a clear benefit

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15
Q

Should women conduct self breast exams?

A

USFPTF and American Cancer society say NO

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16
Q

What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening of colorectal cancer

A

Recommend screening at 45 and the q 10 years

17
Q

What is the recommended screening for colorectal cancer in a pt with FamHx of 1st degree relative (FDR) with colorectal cancer

A

Begin at age 40 or 10 years before FDR diagnosis, which ever is earliest

Repeat every 5 years
(Note differnce of 5 vs q10 years for normal pts)

18
Q

What is the recommendation for prostate cancer screening

A

The decision to undergo periodic prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening should be an individual one

Age =/> 70 years
Recommends against PSA-based screening

19
Q

What is the screening recommendation for cervical cancer for age 21-29 years

A

Every 3 years with cervical cytology alone

20
Q

What is the recommendation for cervical screening in age 30-65

A

Every 3 years with cervical cytology alone

Or

Every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone

Or

Every 5 years with hrHPV testing in
combination with cytology (cotesting)

21
Q

When should women NOT be screened for Cervical Cancer

A

Age > 65 years
-Adequate prior screening and who are not at risk – recommends against screening

Age < 21 years

Recommends against screening
Women who have had a hysterectomy

22
Q

What is the recommended screening for Lung Cancer

A

Age 50-80 years
-Annual screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in patients who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years

23
Q

Are tumor markers used for screening

A

NOT USUALLY

Exception is PSA

24
Q

Serum Tumor marker: AFP

A

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP):
Hepatocellular cancer
Testicular cancer

25
Q

Serum Tumor Marker: CA-125

A

Ovarian Cancer

26
Q

Serum Tumor Marker: CEA

A 
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): 
Colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, and some breast cancers
27
Q

Serum Tumor Marker CA19-9

A

Pancreatic Cancer

28
Q

Serum Tumor Marker for testicular cancer

A

AFP and HCG

29
Q

What is cancer GRADING

A

On a scale from I-IV

And notes level of differentiation And mitosis

Undifferentiated (IV) is worse

30
Q

What is cancer STAGING

A

Describes the severity of cancer based on the size and/or extent of the primary tumor and whether or not the cancer has spread in the body

Estimates prognosis &, guides treatment options
Staged: 0 - IV

31
Q

What is the most widely used cancer staging system for solid tumors

A

TNM system

T –size and/or extent of primary TUMOR

N – absence/presence of spread to NEARBY LYMPH nodes

M – absence/presence of distant METZ

32
Q

What is the Preferred Treatment for cancer

A

Surgical Removal

33
Q

What is the difference of Adjuvant and NeoAdjuvant Chemotherapy

A

Adjuvant chemo - given after a primary treatment (surgery)

Neoadjuvant chemo - given before a primary treatment (surgery)

34
Q

What is a paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Develops when malignant tumors release hormones and/or proteins that affects a certain body system(s)

Or

when antibodies released by the immune system designed to destroy tumor cells also damage normal (non-cancerous) cells

35
Q

A pt that presents with a Hypercalcemia or an unknown cause of Hyponatremia

Think

A

Paraneoplastic presentation of Cancer

36
Q

Cushing syndrome
SIADH
HyperCa2+
ANd Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

Think

A

Small Cell Lung Cancer

37
Q

Any pt with hypercalcemia

Think

A

SCC of the lung

Breast Carcinoma

Renal Carcinoma

Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

JUST THINK CANCER!

Senoir 21-2 (77 decks)

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