Basic Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

sagittal plane (medial)

Answer 1

divides body along midline (R & L)

Question 2

Frontal plane (coronal)

Answer 2

separates body into anterior and posterior

Question 3

Transverse plane (horizontal)

Answer 3

separates body into superior and inferior

Question 4

axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

axial: 80 bones- skull, hyoid, rib, sternum and vertebral column
appendicular: 126 bones- upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic and shoulder girdle

Question 5

long bones

Answer 5

longer than is wide, major bones of body, grow more than others during childhood- responsible for bulk of height medially cavity (centre)- stores bone marrow. eg: femur, tibia, phalanges

Question 6

short bones

Answer 6

About as long as wide; often cubed or round eg: carpal and tarsal bones

Question 7

Flat bones

Answer 7

vary in size and shape, common fracture: very thin in one direction- do not have medullary cavity. eg: frontal, parietal, occipital bones (cranium), rib, hip

Question 8

Irregular bones

Answer 8

shape does not fit other categories. eg: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.

Question 9

Sesamoid bones

Answer 9

formed inside tendons after birth across a joint to protect tendons from stress and strain and give more mechanical advantage to muscles pulling on tendon. eg: patella, pisiform

Question 10

synovial joints

Answer 10

most common type of joint. Feature small gap b/w bones allows free ROM and synovial fluid to lubricate joint

Question 11

Fibrous joints

Answer 11

where bones are tightly joined and offer little to no movment b/w bones. eg: tooth in socket

Question 12

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

Where bone meets cartilage 1 layer of cartilage b/w 2 bones- provides a bit of flexibility since cartilage has gel-like consistence

Question 13

3 major types of muscle

Answer 13

cardiac: contraction of heart
smooth: involuntary bodily functions eg digestion
skeletal: attatch to bone (via tendons) voluntary- produce movment

Question 14

sarcolemma

Answer 14

cell membrane of muscle fibre. Acts as conductor of electrochemical signals

Question 15

Transverse tubules

Answer 15

connected to sarcolemma. Help carry electrochemical signals into middle of muscle fibre

Question 16

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

storage facility for calcium ions- vital for contraction

Question 17

Myofibrils

Answer 17

contractile structures of muscle cell- made of many protein fibres arranged in repeating subunits (sarcomeres- actin and myosin)

Question 18

Thick filaments

Answer 18

bonded units of myosin

Question 19

Thin filaments

Answer 19

3 proteins: Actin (with myosin binding cites), tropomyosin (cover active cites), troponin (move tropomyosin during contraction)

Question 20

muscle contraction

Answer 20

sliding filament model- actin filament interact w/ myosin- resulting in shortening of sarcomere- muscle fibre shortens- many muscle fibres shorten simultaneously- muscle contraction- pull on bone via tendon- movment. to return to normal length cease electrochemical signal- stop activation and contraction process or another force must be applied.
groups of MU contract together to create coordinated contractraction- # of fibres recruited regulated force generated- according to size principle

Question 21

Slow oxidative

Answer 21

resistant to fatigue, slow myosin atpase, lots mitochindria, myoglobin and oxidative enzymes. long distance

Question 22

fast glycolytic

Answer 22

fast myosin atpase, fatigues quickly, jumping

Question 23

intermediate fibres

Answer 23

fast myosin atpase, high aerobic energy supply, intermediate fatigue

Question 24

anaerobic Alactic

Answer 24

fuels: ATP, CP
Time: 0-15sec
By products: ADP, Cr + Pi
Activites: 100m, jumps

Question 25

Anaerobic lactic

Answer 25

fuels: CHO- incomplete
Time: 15-20 sec
By-products: LA, 2ATP, CHO
Activites: 200m, 800m,

Question 26

Aerobic

Answer 26

Fuels: Fat, CHO, PRO (complete)
time: 120min-hours
by products: H2O, CO2, 36ATP, CHO
activites: distance running

Question 27

Oxygen deficit

Answer 27

when O2 consumption is not sufficient to fully support activity, continue until reach steady state. Uptake also remains high during recovery- elevated post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOO)
Post exercise metabolism higher after high vs low intensity exercise.

Question 28

fuels

Answer 28

carbs and fat primary fuels for aerobic activity
Carbs- primary source at onset and at high intensity
prolonged exercise- distal sources (FFA and glycogens-liver) and shift towards fat (>30mins)
PRO only used in extreme circumstances

Question 29

spinal cord

Answer 29

mass of bundled neurons carrying info throguh vertebral cavity beginning at medulla oblongata down to cauda equina

Question 30

white matter

Answer 30

main conduit of nerve and signal to body (in brain and spinal cord)

Question 31

Grey matter

Answer 31

integrates responses to stimuli (brain and spinal cord)

Question 32

PNS

Answer 32

connect CNS to limbs and organs. Not protected by bones. divided into somatic- conscious: skeletal muscle and autonomic-subconscious: visceral, cardiac, glandular. ANS divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric division

Question 33

Afferent neurons

Answer 33

carry one way info from sensory recptors to CNS

Question 34

Efferent neurons

Answer 34

carry one way info from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

Question 35

Mixed nerves

Answer 35

Function like 2 way street

Question 36

Cranial nerves

Answer 36

12 nerves, extend from brain. Provide direct connection b/w brain and special sens organs, head, neck, shoulder, heart and GI muscles

Question 37

Spinal nerves

Answer 37

31 nerves split into 5 regions- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal. each exits from SC via intervertebral foramen b/w 2 vertebra or b/w C1 and occipital bone

Question 38

heart

Answer 38

has 4 chambers; 2 collecting (R &L atria) and 2 pumping (R & L ventricles). 4 valves- keep 1 way flow

Question 39

AV valves

Answer 39

seperate ventricles and atria

Question 40

semilunar valves

Answer 40

separate ventricle from aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 41

blood flow

Answer 41

Right side of heart receives deoxygenated blood from periphery (RA) and pumps to lungs (RV)-pulmonary circuit. Blood oxygenated at lungs and carried back to left atrium via pulmonary vein. then moves throguh LV–> aorta–> body. Arteries (begin w/ aorta) carry blood away - subdividing untol reach arterioles–> capilaries. Veins bring blood back to heart- venules collecitng from capillaries

Question 42

Inhalation

Answer 42

air enters, diaphragm and intercostals contract- rib cage drawn out- air in; bronchi, 2ndary brochi, terary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bonchi, alveoli-gas exchange

Question 43

Exhale

Answer 43

diaghram and intercostals relax- rib cage drwan in and air is expelled.

Question 44

4-6w training adaptations

Answer 44

increase muscle size (most of strength adaptations are due to neural adaptations) due to increased number and size of myofibrils/ fibre, increase number of contractile proteins, connective tissue amount around muscle increase

Question 45

6-12m training adaptations

Answer 45

2nd phase of neural adaptation

Question 46

Heart rate

Answer 46

number of beats per minutes (~60-80bpm-> varies with gender; higher in women), age (decreased with age) and aerobic fitness (decreases as more fit). Many factors impact HR increase w/ exercise

Question 47

Stoke volume

Answer 47

Volume of blood pumped by heart per contraction. SV increases until ~50% vO2max then HR increase to produce CO needed. W/ regular training SV increases and rest HR decreases

Question 48

Blood pressure

Answer 48

Pressure tha blood exerts on walls of blood vessels- reflects efficiency of blood flow throguh system. Lowest PSI (just before contraction)=systolic. 120/80= normal; normal active adult 110/70. PA-> systolic BP increases, diastolic little change during aerobic may increases slightly with resistance training.