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CSEP-CPT Theory > Basic Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane (medial)

A

divides body along midline (R & L)

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2
Q

Frontal plane (coronal)

A

separates body into anterior and posterior

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3
Q

Transverse plane (horizontal)

A

separates body into superior and inferior

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4
Q

axial and appendicular skeleton

A

axial: 80 bones- skull, hyoid, rib, sternum and vertebral column
appendicular: 126 bones- upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic and shoulder girdle

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5
Q

long bones

A

longer than is wide, major bones of body, grow more than others during childhood- responsible for bulk of height medially cavity (centre)- stores bone marrow. eg: femur, tibia, phalanges

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6
Q

short bones

A

About as long as wide; often cubed or round eg: carpal and tarsal bones

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7
Q

Flat bones

A

vary in size and shape, common fracture: very thin in one direction- do not have medullary cavity. eg: frontal, parietal, occipital bones (cranium), rib, hip

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8
Q

Irregular bones

A

shape does not fit other categories. eg: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.

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9
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

formed inside tendons after birth across a joint to protect tendons from stress and strain and give more mechanical advantage to muscles pulling on tendon. eg: patella, pisiform

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10
Q

synovial joints

A

most common type of joint. Feature small gap b/w bones allows free ROM and synovial fluid to lubricate joint

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11
Q

Fibrous joints

A

where bones are tightly joined and offer little to no movment b/w bones. eg: tooth in socket

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12
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Where bone meets cartilage 1 layer of cartilage b/w 2 bones- provides a bit of flexibility since cartilage has gel-like consistence

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13
Q

3 major types of muscle

A

cardiac: contraction of heart
smooth: involuntary bodily functions eg digestion
skeletal: attatch to bone (via tendons) voluntary- produce movment

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14
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle fibre. Acts as conductor of electrochemical signals

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15
Q

Transverse tubules

A

connected to sarcolemma. Help carry electrochemical signals into middle of muscle fibre

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16
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

storage facility for calcium ions- vital for contraction

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17
Q

Myofibrils

A

contractile structures of muscle cell- made of many protein fibres arranged in repeating subunits (sarcomeres- actin and myosin)

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18
Q

Thick filaments

A

bonded units of myosin

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19
Q

Thin filaments

A

3 proteins: Actin (with myosin binding cites), tropomyosin (cover active cites), troponin (move tropomyosin during contraction)

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20
Q

muscle contraction

A

sliding filament model- actin filament interact w/ myosin- resulting in shortening of sarcomere- muscle fibre shortens- many muscle fibres shorten simultaneously- muscle contraction- pull on bone via tendon- movment. to return to normal length cease electrochemical signal- stop activation and contraction process or another force must be applied.
groups of MU contract together to create coordinated contractraction- # of fibres recruited regulated force generated- according to size principle

21
Q

Slow oxidative

A

resistant to fatigue, slow myosin atpase, lots mitochindria, myoglobin and oxidative enzymes. long distance

22
Q

fast glycolytic

A

fast myosin atpase, fatigues quickly, jumping

23
Q

intermediate fibres

A

fast myosin atpase, high aerobic energy supply, intermediate fatigue

24
Q

anaerobic Alactic

A

fuels: ATP, CP
Time: 0-15sec
By products: ADP, Cr + Pi
Activites: 100m, jumps

25
Q

Anaerobic lactic

A

fuels: CHO- incomplete
Time: 15-20 sec
By-products: LA, 2ATP, CHO
Activites: 200m, 800m,

26
Q

Aerobic

A

Fuels: Fat, CHO, PRO (complete)
time: 120min-hours
by products: H2O, CO2, 36ATP, CHO
activites: distance running

27
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

when O2 consumption is not sufficient to fully support activity, continue until reach steady state. Uptake also remains high during recovery- elevated post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOO)
Post exercise metabolism higher after high vs low intensity exercise.

28
Q

fuels

A

carbs and fat primary fuels for aerobic activity
Carbs- primary source at onset and at high intensity
prolonged exercise- distal sources (FFA and glycogens-liver) and shift towards fat (>30mins)
PRO only used in extreme circumstances

29
Q

spinal cord

A

mass of bundled neurons carrying info throguh vertebral cavity beginning at medulla oblongata down to cauda equina

30
Q

white matter

A

main conduit of nerve and signal to body (in brain and spinal cord)

31
Q

Grey matter

A

integrates responses to stimuli (brain and spinal cord)

32
Q

PNS

A

connect CNS to limbs and organs. Not protected by bones. divided into somatic- conscious: skeletal muscle and autonomic-subconscious: visceral, cardiac, glandular. ANS divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric division

33
Q

Afferent neurons

A

carry one way info from sensory recptors to CNS

34
Q

Efferent neurons

A

carry one way info from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

35
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Function like 2 way street

36
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 nerves, extend from brain. Provide direct connection b/w brain and special sens organs, head, neck, shoulder, heart and GI muscles

37
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 nerves split into 5 regions- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal. each exits from SC via intervertebral foramen b/w 2 vertebra or b/w C1 and occipital bone

38
Q

heart

A

has 4 chambers; 2 collecting (R &L atria) and 2 pumping (R & L ventricles). 4 valves- keep 1 way flow

39
Q

AV valves

A

seperate ventricles and atria

40
Q

semilunar valves

A

separate ventricle from aorta and pulmonary artery

41
Q

blood flow

A

Right side of heart receives deoxygenated blood from periphery (RA) and pumps to lungs (RV)-pulmonary circuit. Blood oxygenated at lungs and carried back to left atrium via pulmonary vein. then moves throguh LV–> aorta–> body. Arteries (begin w/ aorta) carry blood away - subdividing untol reach arterioles–> capilaries. Veins bring blood back to heart- venules collecitng from capillaries

42
Q

Inhalation

A

air enters, diaphragm and intercostals contract- rib cage drawn out- air in; bronchi, 2ndary brochi, terary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bonchi, alveoli-gas exchange

43
Q

Exhale

A

diaghram and intercostals relax- rib cage drwan in and air is expelled.

44
Q

4-6w training adaptations

A

increase muscle size (most of strength adaptations are due to neural adaptations) due to increased number and size of myofibrils/ fibre, increase number of contractile proteins, connective tissue amount around muscle increase

45
Q

6-12m training adaptations

A

2nd phase of neural adaptation

46
Q

Heart rate

A

number of beats per minutes (~60-80bpm-> varies with gender; higher in women), age (decreased with age) and aerobic fitness (decreases as more fit). Many factors impact HR increase w/ exercise

47
Q

Stoke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by heart per contraction. SV increases until ~50% vO2max then HR increase to produce CO needed. W/ regular training SV increases and rest HR decreases

48
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure tha blood exerts on walls of blood vessels- reflects efficiency of blood flow throguh system. Lowest PSI (just before contraction)=systolic. 120/80= normal; normal active adult 110/70. PA-> systolic BP increases, diastolic little change during aerobic may increases slightly with resistance training.

CSEP-CPT Theory (11 decks)

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