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Nervous System > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Substantia nigra
Striatum
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

In the midbrain

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3
Q

What is the role of the substantia nigra?

A

Produces dopamine

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4
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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5
Q

Where is the putamen found?

A

Centre of the caudate nucleus

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6
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus found?

A

Under the 4th ventricle

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7
Q

What connects the caudate nucleus and the putamen?

A

Thin strands of grey matter

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8
Q

What are the parts of the globus pallidus?

A

Internal (GPi)

External (GPe)

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9
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

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10
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Finds most appropriate movement for goal

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11
Q

Which side of the body does the basal ganglia affect?

A

Contralateral side

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12
Q

How do the motor cortex and basal ganglia interact?

A

Motor cortex prepares movement and sends to basal ganglia

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13
Q

What is the effect of the BG if the movement in appropriate?

A

Reinforces it via direct pathway

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14
Q

What is the effect of the BG if the movement is inappropriate?

A

Inhibits it via indirect pathway

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15
Q

What is the effect of dopamine in the BG?

A

Excites the direct pathway

Inhibits the indirect pathway

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16
Q

What receptors does dopamine act at in the direct pathway?

A

D1

17
Q

What receptors does dopamine act at in the indirect pathway?

A

D2

18
Q

What is the effect of dopamine in the motor cortex?

A

Increases activity via BG

19
Q

What conditions affect the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Hemiballismus

20
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of dopamine production in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra

21
Q

What are the clinical features of Parkinson’s?

A

Tremor (pill rolling)
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Psychiatric features

22
Q

What are the signs of bradykinesia?

A

Hypophonia

  • soft speech
  • slowness of pharyngeal muscles

Micrographia
- small handwriting

‘Mask-like’ facies
- slow muscles of facial expression

23
Q

What are the psychiatric features of Parkinson’s?

A

Depression

Dementia

24
Q

What causes the psychiatric features of Parkinson’s?

A

Reduced dopamine

25
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Condition affecting the indirect pathway that results in less regulation and coordination of movement

26
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington’s disease?

A

Autosomal dominant

27
Q

What are the clinical features of Huntington’s?

A

Choreiform movements
Dystonia
Incoordination

28
Q

What is hemiballismus?

A

Damage to subthalamic nucleus

29
Q

What is the clinical feature of hemiballismus?

A

Explosive movement of half the body

Nervous System (17 decks)

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