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Baron Cohen Et Al - (Autism) & Savage - Rumbaugh (Animal language) Flashcards

0
Q

What was the context given for Baron-Cohen’s study?

A

The tests previously given to Autistic patients had a ceiling effect for people of the age 6 and above, Happe then developed a more advanced ToM task but it was only for maximum 8-9yr old

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1
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

The ability to infer, in other people, a range of mental states - basically mind-reading

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2
Q

What was the ceiling effect present within the previous ToM tests?

A

Had an age limit of firstly 6 and then 8/9 after these ages the participants would be able to complete the test on experience alone

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3
Q

What was the aim of Baron-Cohens study?

A

In order to assess whether high functioning ASD adults do really have ToM the eyes task was developed - The aim was to find the results of this test

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4
Q

Who were the participants within Baron-Cohens study?

A

3 groups
Group 1: Autistics 13 males and 3 females
Group 2: 50 adults - 50/50 gender ratio - Age matched
Group 3: Tourette’s patients, 8 males and 2 females - age matched

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5
Q

How were Participants in Group 1 of Baron-Cohens study recruited?

A

Advert in Autistic magazine and also through doctors

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6
Q

Why were were Group 3 including in Baron Cohens study?

A

As they had similarities between both

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7
Q

What were the similarities between Group 1 and Group 3 of Baron Cohens study?

A

Suffered from childhood, disorder affected education and socialising with peers, both could be genetically transferred and both were associated with abnormalities in the frontal lobe

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8
Q

What were the results of the first and second order false belief tasks between Group 1 & 3 of Baron Cohens Study?

A

Both groups were able to pass the tasks

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9
Q

Why were the first and second order false belief tasks conducted?

A

So that any failure on the Eyes Task would be attributed to mind reading problems past the age of 6

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10
Q

What were the expected results of the Eyes Task for Group 1 in Baron Cohens study?

A

Group 1 would be significantly impaired on the Eyes Task

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11
Q

What were the four tasks included in Baron Cohens study?

A

The Eyes task, Happes Strange Stories, Gender Recognition Eyes Task and Basic Emotion Recognition Task

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12
Q

What tasks did Group 1 of Baron Cohens Study do?

A

All 4 of them

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13
Q

What tasks did Group 2 of Baron Cohens study complete?

A

They only did the Eyes Task

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14
Q

What tasks did Group 3 complete in Baron Cohens study?

A

The Eyes Task and Happes Strange Stories

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15
Q

What did the Eyes Task of Baron Cohens study involve?

A

Consists of 25 magazine photos of different faces, Male & Female.
All photos were standardised: same size, all black & white, and all of the same region of the face
Each photo was shown for 3 secs
Participants were then asked what emotion the photo reflected out of 2 choices
The words were the answer and it’s opposite

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16
Q

How were the Eyes Task emotions validated in Baron Cohens Study?

A

Answers would count as correct by a panel of four judges and confirmed by. 8 other independent taters independently

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17
Q

What Approach does Baron Cohens study come under?

A

Cognitive

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18
Q

What was the purpose of The Stranges Stories task of Baron Cohens study?

A

To demonstrate the validity of the Eyes Task as a test of ToM

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19
Q

What did the Gender Recognition Eyes Task within Baron-Cohens study involve?

A

Identifying the gender of the eyes used for the Eyes Task

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20
Q

Why were the control tasks of Baron Cohens Study used?

A

To check whether difficulties with the Eyes Task might be due to other factors.

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21
Q

What was the procedure for the Basic Emotion recognition task?

A

Participants were asked to judge photos of whole faces which displayed one of six emotions

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22
Q

What were the results of the Eyes Task in Baron Cohens study?

A

Group 2 & 3 had the same Range while Group 3 had a slightly better score. Females did better than males in Group 2. Group 1 had a lower range and significantly lower mean score

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23
Q

What were the mean scores of all 3 groups of the Eyes Task in the baron Cohen Study?

A
  1. 3 Austim/AS
  2. 3 Normal
  3. 4 TS
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24
What were the range of scores for all groups for the Eye Task in Baron-Cohens study?
``` 13-23 = Autism/AS 16-25 = Normal/TS ```
25
What was the problem with the Eyes Task in Baron Cohens study?
Due to only 2 option choices being available - the participants should be able to get at least 15/25 just by chance Also there was ceiling effects as some participants got full scores
26
What were the results of the strange stories task in Baron Cohens study?
No participants with TS made any mistakes but the participants with autism/AS were significantly impaired
27
What were the results of the Control tasks in Baron - Cohens study?
There were no differences between Group 1 & 3
28
What did the results of Baron-Cohens study show?
Adults with autism or AS were impaired on ToM despite having normal intelligence Within the normal population - females did better than males
29
What approach is the study by Savage-Rumbaugh on?
Cognitive
30
What was the context of the research conducted by Savage-Rumbaugh?
Past research had shown apes can acquire language but can chimps acquire language without training and can they actually understand the true meaning of the words they being taught
31
What were the three steps of language development according to Savage-Rumbaugh?
Associative Symbol use Referential symbol use Representational symbol use
32
What is Associative symbol use in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
The ability to associate or link a symbol with an object
33
What is the Referential symbol use in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Involves directing attention to an object e.g. Requesting it
34
What is Representational symbol use In Savage-Rumbaughs study?
The ability to use language to stand for objects that are not present E.g. To get an object in another room on request
35
What is the aim of Savage-Rumbaughs study?
To investigate the human language capabilities of Pygmy chimpanzees
36
Who were the subjects in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Kanzi and Mulika who were Pygmy Chimps | Austin and Sherman who were commo chimps
37
How old were Kanzi & Mulika during the study by Savage-Rumbaugh?
``` Kanzi = 30-47 months Mulika = 11-21 months ```
38
Why were Pygmy chimps chosen for this study?
As they had been observed food sharing - a form of social skill which could indicate brightness
39
What was the communication system used by Kanzi & Mulika in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Used a Lexigram board which brightened when touched. The symbols were on a electrical keyboard indoors and a pointing board outside. Also a voice synthesiser was used when Kanzi could comprehend words
40
What was the rearing and exposure to lexigrams within Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Kanzi - Exposed to it to mother (Matata) from the age of 6 months. Mulika didn't observe Matata but did observe Kanzi using them In contrast to Austin & Sherman, Kanzi & Mulika were not trained to use lexigrams
41
What was the Naturalistic outdoor environment used by Savage-Rumbaughs study?
A 55 acre forest with 17 named locations - each location had a food associated with it
42
How were Kanzi & Mulika taught within the Naturalistic outdoor environment of Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Kanzi - first shown photos of food and asked to indicate what he wanted to eat and then was taken there - 4 months later he could take a visitor around Mulika - Learned from Kanzi
43
What was the indoor environment research in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Helped changing bed sheets, doing laundry, preparing food - Similar to what Austin & Sherman did
44
How did Savage-Rumbaugh collect data for recording language acquisition using a Lexigram board?
When the Lexigram was used indoors a computer automatically recorded responses When used outside data was collected by the researchers and then entered into the computer at the end of each day
45
What were the classifications of utterances with Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Accuracy - correct or incorrect Spontaneous - no prior prompting Imitated - if It included any part of a companions previous utterance Structured - initiated by question or request
46
What was the vocabulary acquisition criterion of Savage-Rumbaughs study?
A spontaneous utterance which could be verified by the act that they did - it had to be confirmed in 9/10 cases
47
How did Savage-Rumbaugh establish the reliability of her observations within her study?
They would compare 'real time' observations with the same video of the observations for the same period of 4 and a half hours
48
What were the results of the Vocabulary acquisition reliability assessment within Savage-Rumbaughs study?
100% agreement in regard to lexigrams One disagreement about whether it was spontaneous or not The videotape observer also recorded nine extra utterances
49
Why were formal tests of productive and receptive capabilities carried out in the Savage-Rumbaugh study?
To ensure that the chimps performance was not due to contextual cues or inadvertent glances.
50
What were the formal tests of productive and receptive capabilities in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Being shown photographs and then asked to select the right Lexigram Listening to a word and then being asked to select the right photograph Listening to a word and then being asked to select the right Lexigram Listening to a synthesised word and then asked to select the right Lexigram (only Kanzi)
51
What were the controls used with Savage-Rumbaughs study?
The order of presentation was varied Alternatives were randomly selected on each trial Synthesised version was used to avoid the effect of intonation when the word was spoken
52
What were the results of the untutored gestures with Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Kanzi & Mulika used more explicit gestures compared to Austin & Sherman
53
What is an example of an untutored gesture within Savage-Rumbaughs study?
When Mulika wanted a balloon blown up she placed it in the researchers hand
54
What were the results of the first usage of lexigrams for Kanzi in the Savage-Rumbaugh study?
Used them at 2.5 years old but had a good vocabulary from learning from Matata
55
What were the results of the first use of lexigrams for Mulika in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Mulika started when she was 1 but she had more difficulty than Kanzi as she started using milk as all-purpose communication
56
What were the results relating to associative usage from Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Observed that both chimpanzees started using a new term in an associative context first like a human child
57
How many words did Kanzi & Mulika gather in Savage-Rumbaughs study?
Kanzi - 46 | Mulika - 37
58
What were the formal test results from the Savage-Rumbaugh study?
All 4 chimps could match photographs to the Lexigram Only Kanzi & Mulika showed an understanding of spoken English Kanzi did less well with the synthesised words but researchers did just as bad
59
Wha was the blind test of Kanzi that was conducted in Savage- Rumbaughs study?
Kanzi = 3, a blind visitor was led around the 55 acre site when they instructed Kanzi to where they wanted to go
60
What was the difference between Common & Pygym chimps according to results from Savage-Rumbaugh?
Kanzi & Mulika acquired language easier than Austin & Sherman - however the common chimps did better than Matata which suggests there is a critical age for language development

Psychology (22 decks)

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