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Psychology > Baron Cohen Et Al - (Autism) & Savage - Rumbaugh (Animal language) > Flashcards

Baron Cohen Et Al - (Autism) & Savage - Rumbaugh (Animal language) Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the context given for Baron-Cohen’s study?

A

The tests previously given to Autistic patients had a ceiling effect for people of the age 6 and above, Happe then developed a more advanced ToM task but it was only for maximum 8-9yr old

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1
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

The ability to infer, in other people, a range of mental states - basically mind-reading

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2
Q

What was the ceiling effect present within the previous ToM tests?

A

Had an age limit of firstly 6 and then 8/9 after these ages the participants would be able to complete the test on experience alone

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3
Q

What was the aim of Baron-Cohens study?

A

In order to assess whether high functioning ASD adults do really have ToM the eyes task was developed - The aim was to find the results of this test

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4
Q

Who were the participants within Baron-Cohens study?

A

3 groups
Group 1: Autistics 13 males and 3 females
Group 2: 50 adults - 50/50 gender ratio - Age matched
Group 3: Tourette’s patients, 8 males and 2 females - age matched

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5
Q

How were Participants in Group 1 of Baron-Cohens study recruited?

A

Advert in Autistic magazine and also through doctors

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6
Q

Why were were Group 3 including in Baron Cohens study?

A

As they had similarities between both

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7
Q

What were the similarities between Group 1 and Group 3 of Baron Cohens study?

A

Suffered from childhood, disorder affected education and socialising with peers, both could be genetically transferred and both were associated with abnormalities in the frontal lobe

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8
Q

What were the results of the first and second order false belief tasks between Group 1 & 3 of Baron Cohens Study?

A

Both groups were able to pass the tasks

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9
Q

Why were the first and second order false belief tasks conducted?

A

So that any failure on the Eyes Task would be attributed to mind reading problems past the age of 6

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10
Q

What were the expected results of the Eyes Task for Group 1 in Baron Cohens study?

A

Group 1 would be significantly impaired on the Eyes Task

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11
Q

What were the four tasks included in Baron Cohens study?

A

The Eyes task, Happes Strange Stories, Gender Recognition Eyes Task and Basic Emotion Recognition Task

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12
Q

What tasks did Group 1 of Baron Cohens Study do?

A

All 4 of them

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13
Q

What tasks did Group 2 of Baron Cohens study complete?

A

They only did the Eyes Task

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14
Q

What tasks did Group 3 complete in Baron Cohens study?

A

The Eyes Task and Happes Strange Stories

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15
Q

What did the Eyes Task of Baron Cohens study involve?

A

Consists of 25 magazine photos of different faces, Male & Female.
All photos were standardised: same size, all black & white, and all of the same region of the face
Each photo was shown for 3 secs
Participants were then asked what emotion the photo reflected out of 2 choices
The words were the answer and it’s opposite

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16
Q

How were the Eyes Task emotions validated in Baron Cohens Study?

A

Answers would count as correct by a panel of four judges and confirmed by. 8 other independent taters independently

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17
Q

What Approach does Baron Cohens study come under?

A

Cognitive

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18
Q

What was the purpose of The Stranges Stories task of Baron Cohens study?

A

To demonstrate the validity of the Eyes Task as a test of ToM

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19
Q

What did the Gender Recognition Eyes Task within Baron-Cohens study involve?

A

Identifying the gender of the eyes used for the Eyes Task

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20
Q

Why were the control tasks of Baron Cohens Study used?

A

To check whether difficulties with the Eyes Task might be due to other factors.

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21
Q

What was the procedure for the Basic Emotion recognition task?

A

Participants were asked to judge photos of whole faces which displayed one of six emotions

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22
Q

What were the results of the Eyes Task in Baron Cohens study?

A

Group 2 & 3 had the same Range while Group 3 had a slightly better score. Females did better than males in Group 2. Group 1 had a lower range and significantly lower mean score

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23
Q

What were the mean scores of all 3 groups of the Eyes Task in the baron Cohen Study?

A
  1. 3 Austim/AS
  2. 3 Normal
  3. 4 TS
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24
Q

What were the range of scores for all groups for the Eye Task in Baron-Cohens study?

A 
13-23 = Autism/AS
16-25 = Normal/TS
25
Q

What was the problem with the Eyes Task in Baron Cohens study?

A

Due to only 2 option choices being available - the participants should be able to get at least 15/25 just by chance
Also there was ceiling effects as some participants got full scores

26
Q

What were the results of the strange stories task in Baron Cohens study?

A

No participants with TS made any mistakes but the participants with autism/AS were significantly impaired

27
Q

What were the results of the Control tasks in Baron - Cohens study?

A

There were no differences between Group 1 & 3

28
Q

What did the results of Baron-Cohens study show?

A

Adults with autism or AS were impaired on ToM despite having normal intelligence
Within the normal population - females did better than males

29
Q

What approach is the study by Savage-Rumbaugh on?

A

Cognitive

30
Q

What was the context of the research conducted by Savage-Rumbaugh?

A

Past research had shown apes can acquire language but can chimps acquire language without training and can they actually understand the true meaning of the words they being taught

31
Q

What were the three steps of language development according to Savage-Rumbaugh?

A

Associative Symbol use
Referential symbol use
Representational symbol use

32
Q

What is Associative symbol use in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

The ability to associate or link a symbol with an object

33
Q

What is the Referential symbol use in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Involves directing attention to an object e.g. Requesting it

34
Q

What is Representational symbol use In Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

The ability to use language to stand for objects that are not present E.g. To get an object in another room on request

35
Q

What is the aim of Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

To investigate the human language capabilities of Pygmy chimpanzees

36
Q

Who were the subjects in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Kanzi and Mulika who were Pygmy Chimps

Austin and Sherman who were commo chimps

37
Q

How old were Kanzi & Mulika during the study by Savage-Rumbaugh?

A 
Kanzi = 30-47 months
Mulika = 11-21 months
38
Q

Why were Pygmy chimps chosen for this study?

A

As they had been observed food sharing - a form of social skill which could indicate brightness

39
Q

What was the communication system used by Kanzi & Mulika in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Used a Lexigram board which brightened when touched. The symbols were on a electrical keyboard indoors and a pointing board outside.
Also a voice synthesiser was used when Kanzi could comprehend words

40
Q

What was the rearing and exposure to lexigrams within Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Kanzi - Exposed to it to mother (Matata) from the age of 6 months.
Mulika didn’t observe Matata but did observe Kanzi using them
In contrast to Austin & Sherman, Kanzi & Mulika were not trained to use lexigrams

41
Q

What was the Naturalistic outdoor environment used by Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

A 55 acre forest with 17 named locations - each location had a food associated with it

42
Q

How were Kanzi & Mulika taught within the Naturalistic outdoor environment of Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Kanzi - first shown photos of food and asked to indicate what he wanted to eat and then was taken there - 4 months later he could take a visitor around
Mulika - Learned from Kanzi

43
Q

What was the indoor environment research in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Helped changing bed sheets, doing laundry, preparing food - Similar to what Austin & Sherman did

44
Q

How did Savage-Rumbaugh collect data for recording language acquisition using a Lexigram board?

A

When the Lexigram was used indoors a computer automatically recorded responses
When used outside data was collected by the researchers and then entered into the computer at the end of each day

45
Q

What were the classifications of utterances with Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Accuracy - correct or incorrect
Spontaneous - no prior prompting
Imitated - if It included any part of a companions previous utterance
Structured - initiated by question or request

46
Q

What was the vocabulary acquisition criterion of Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

A spontaneous utterance which could be verified by the act that they did - it had to be confirmed in 9/10 cases

47
Q

How did Savage-Rumbaugh establish the reliability of her observations within her study?

A

They would compare ‘real time’ observations with the same video of the observations for the same period of 4 and a half hours

48
Q

What were the results of the Vocabulary acquisition reliability assessment within Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

100% agreement in regard to lexigrams
One disagreement about whether it was spontaneous or not
The videotape observer also recorded nine extra utterances

49
Q

Why were formal tests of productive and receptive capabilities carried out in the Savage-Rumbaugh study?

A

To ensure that the chimps performance was not due to contextual cues or inadvertent glances.

50
Q

What were the formal tests of productive and receptive capabilities in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Being shown photographs and then asked to select the right Lexigram
Listening to a word and then being asked to select the right photograph
Listening to a word and then being asked to select the right Lexigram
Listening to a synthesised word and then asked to select the right Lexigram (only Kanzi)

51
Q

What were the controls used with Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

The order of presentation was varied
Alternatives were randomly selected on each trial
Synthesised version was used to avoid the effect of intonation when the word was spoken

52
Q

What were the results of the untutored gestures with Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Kanzi & Mulika used more explicit gestures compared to Austin & Sherman

53
Q

What is an example of an untutored gesture within Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

When Mulika wanted a balloon blown up she placed it in the researchers hand

54
Q

What were the results of the first usage of lexigrams for Kanzi in the Savage-Rumbaugh study?

A

Used them at 2.5 years old but had a good vocabulary from learning from Matata

55
Q

What were the results of the first use of lexigrams for Mulika in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Mulika started when she was 1 but she had more difficulty than Kanzi as she started using milk as all-purpose communication

56
Q

What were the results relating to associative usage from Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Observed that both chimpanzees started using a new term in an associative context first like a human child

57
Q

How many words did Kanzi & Mulika gather in Savage-Rumbaughs study?

A

Kanzi - 46

Mulika - 37

58
Q

What were the formal test results from the Savage-Rumbaugh study?

A

All 4 chimps could match photographs to the Lexigram
Only Kanzi & Mulika showed an understanding of spoken English
Kanzi did less well with the synthesised words but researchers did just as bad

59
Q

Wha was the blind test of Kanzi that was conducted in Savage- Rumbaughs study?

A

Kanzi = 3, a blind visitor was led around the 55 acre site when they instructed Kanzi to where they wanted to go

60
Q

What was the difference between Common & Pygym chimps according to results from Savage-Rumbaugh?

A

Kanzi & Mulika acquired language easier than Austin & Sherman - however the common chimps did better than Matata which suggests there is a critical age for language development

Psychology (22 decks)

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