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D & T exam 2 > Bacterial Skin Infections - Yu > Flashcards

Bacterial Skin Infections - Yu Flashcards

1
Q

impetigo ? who usually gets this

A

superficial skin infections- epidermis

children

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2
Q

Folliculitis

A

pyogenic infection in hair follicle - dermis

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3
Q

Furuncles (boils)

A

extension of folliculitis - dermis

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4
Q

Carbuncles

A

infection extends to the deeper subcutaneous tissue with single inflammatory response ( chills and fever due to systemic spread)
-subcutaneous

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5
Q

what are 3 categories of skin infections

A

spreading infections
abscess formation
necrotizing infections

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6
Q

what are spreading infections called in the epidermis and dermal lymphatics and subcutaneous fat layer

A

epidermis: impetigo
dermal lymphatics: erysipelas
subcutaneous fat layer: cellulitis

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7
Q

name three types of abscess formation

A

folliculitis
boils ( furuncles)
carbuncles

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8
Q

necrotizing infections includes what 2 things

A

fasciits

gas gangrene

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9
Q

macules

A

flat, non-palpable lesions

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10
Q

papules

A

palpable lesions

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11
Q

vescicles

A

palpable, fluid-filled lesions

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12
Q

pustules

A

palpable and contain pus, most neutrophils with serous fluids within or beneath epidermis

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13
Q

what are 3 epidermal inflammatory reactions

A

vesicle
pustule
bulla

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14
Q

vesicle

A

fluid accumulation

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15
Q

bulla

A

collection of serous fluid and have small numbers of inflammatory cells

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16
Q

erysipelas occurs where in the skin

A

dermis

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17
Q

what Direct entry into skin bacteria causes impetigo

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Staph aureus

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18
Q

what direct entry into skin bacteria causes erysipelas

A

Step. Pryogenes

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19
Q

what direct entry into skin bacteria causes folliculits, boils ( furuncles), carbuncles

A

Staph. aureus

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20
Q

what direct entry into skin bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis

A

anaerobes
microaerophiles
-usually mixed infections

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21
Q

what direct entry into skin bacteria causes myonecrosis gangrene

A

clostridium perfringens

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22
Q

what organism causes enteric fever and what are the skin manifestations

A

Salmonella typhi
Salmonella paratyphi
- “rose spots” containing bacteria

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23
Q

what organism causes septicemia and what are the skin manifestations

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

- ecthyma gangrenosum

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24
Q

what organism causes Scarlet fever and what are the skin manifestations

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

- Erythematous rash ( toxin)

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25
Q

what organism causes toxic shock syndrome and what are the skin manifestations

A

Staphlyococcus aureus

- rash and desquamation ( toxin)

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26
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes folliculitis

A

Staphylococci

Pseudomonas species

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27
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes carbuncles, furuncles

A

Staphylococci

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28
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes impetigo

A

Streptococci

Staphylococci

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29
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes erysipelas

A

streptococci

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30
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes cellulitis

A

streptococci
Staphylococci
haemophilus
influenza (unimmunized children)

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31
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes synergistic cellulitis

A

streptococci
enteric bacteria
anaerobes

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32
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes gas gangrene

A

clostridia

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33
Q

what exogenous bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis

A

streptococci
enteric bactera
anaerobes

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34
Q

Staph aureus is what stain bacteria

A

gram positivve

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35
Q

what is Staph aureus resistant to

A

non-spore formers to adverse condition

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36
Q

is staph aureus motile

A

non-motile

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37
Q

does Staph aureus need oxygen for growth

A

facultatively anaerobic

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38
Q

Staph aureus test for catalase and coagulase

A

catalase: postive
coagulase: positive

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39
Q

Staph aureus can grow in what type of media

A

10% NaCl

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40
Q

staph aureus can cause what 4 things

A

abscesses
systemic diseases
food-poisoning
toxic shock syndrome

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41
Q

name 4 virulence factors for Staph aureus

A

staphylococcal toxins
exfoliative toxins
enterotoxins
toxic shock syndrome toxins

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42
Q

what type of bacteria is streptococcus? how does it grow on plate

A

gram postive

arranged in chains

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43
Q

how does streptococcus avoid phagocytosis

A

capsule
M protiens
C5a
peptidase

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44
Q

is streptococcus motile

A

non-motile

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45
Q

does streptococcus require oxygen

A

facultative anaerobic

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46
Q

test for catalase streptococcus

A

negative

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47
Q

what are the nutritional requirement for streptococcus

A

blood or serum enriched media for isolation

48
Q

what virulence factor for streptococcus lyse RBC

A

streptolysin O and S

49
Q

skin abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles are all related to what

A

hair follicle

50
Q

for skin abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles it is a collection of what

A

pus within dermis and deeper skin tissue

51
Q

up to 50% of cases of skin abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles are caused by what

A

Staph aureus

52
Q

treatment for skin abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles

A

warm compresses to help drainage for small furuncles

53
Q

Impetigo (pyoderma, impetigo contagiosa) is commonly seen in

A

children

54
Q

impetigo (pyoderma, impetigo contagiosa) is commonly caused by

A

streptococcus pyogenes

staphylococcus aureus

55
Q

non-bullous impetigo vesiculopustules with crusting occurs in who

A

children

56
Q

non-bullous impetigo vesiculopustules with crusting occurs where

A

warm, humid conditions

57
Q

non-bullous impetigo vesiculopustules with crusting risk factors

A

poverty, crowding, poor hygiene , underlying scabies

58
Q

what are the most common causes of non-bullous impetigo vesiculopustules with crusting

A

streptococcus pyogenes

staphylococcus aureus

59
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

staphylococcus aureus what does it look like

A

papules progress to vesicles surrounded by erythema

60
Q

Pustular impetigo look like what

A

intraepidermal vesicles filled with exudate ( pus)

crusted lesions

61
Q

what causes pustular impetigo

A

Staph. aureus

GAS

62
Q

what causes Bullous impetigo

A

Staph aureus of phage group II that produces exfoliative toxin A (no cell adhesion)

63
Q

Bullous impetigo is localized what

A

staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

64
Q

is there a Nikolsky’s sign for Bullous impetigo

A

no

65
Q

Cellulitis is what type of inflammation and is accompanied by what

A

acute

-inflammation of draining lymph nodes

66
Q

what bacteria causes cellulitis

A

GAS and staph aureus

67
Q

what type of children get cellulitis

A

unimmunized children

- infection with H. influenza type B

68
Q

How can an average person get cellulitis

A

cats or dogs

-P. multocida

69
Q

what is necrotizing fasciitis

A

deep seated infection of the subcutaneous tissue leading to destruction of fascia and fat, but may spare skin

70
Q

what does type I necrotizing fasciitis occur

A

after surgery

  • diabetics
  • peripheral vascular disease
71
Q

what causes type I necrotizing fasciitis

A

aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

72
Q

what causes type II necrotizing fasiitis

A

GAS

-MRSA

73
Q

what bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis? How does one get this bacteria

A

V. vulnificus
contaminated seawater
- mariane

74
Q

Myonecrosis: necrotizing infection of muscle caused by what

A

C. perfringens

-associated with local trauma

75
Q

what is found in the skin of myonecrosis

A

gas

- fascia and deep muscle spared

76
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is called what disease

A

Ritter’s disease

77
Q

Ritter’s syndrome is what Nikolsky’s sign and what clinical presentation

A

positive

- large blister with clear fluid, no organism, no leukocytes

78
Q

Toxic Shock syndrome has what skin involvement? what is it associated with

A

cutaneous and soft tissue

- tampon use

79
Q

Nikolsky sign

A

skin finding in which the top layers of the skin slip away from the lower layers when slightly rubbed.

80
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has what type of staining? shape?

A

Gram negative

rod

81
Q

pseudomonas has what odor

A

grape-like

82
Q

what causes pseudomonas folliculitis

A

immersion in contaminated water, hot tubs, swimming pools

83
Q

pseudomonas folliculitis can be a secondary infection from what

A

acne or depilate their legs

84
Q

burn wounds can have what bacterial infection

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

85
Q

Mycobacterium leprae stains how and does it need oxgyen

A

gram +

obligately aerobic rod

86
Q

how is mycobacterium leprae spread

A

aerosols

87
Q

mycobacterium leprae can be grown in what

A

armadillo

footpads of mice

88
Q

where does mycobacterium leprae grow in body

A

skin histiocytes ( skin macrophages )

  • endothelial cells
  • Schwann cells of peripheral nerves
89
Q

how does one diagnose lepromatous leprosy

A

acid fast stain of nasal mucosa

90
Q

what are two forms of leprae

A

tuberculoid leprosy

lepromatous leprosy

91
Q

p. aeruginosa bacteremia in neutropenic patients clinically present how

A

ecthyma gangernosa

92
Q

clinical presntation for tuberculoid leprosy

A

red-blotchy lesions with anesthetic areas

93
Q

tuberculoid leprosy has what immune response

A

cell-mediated response - Th1

94
Q

Lepromatous leprosy has what immune response

A

humoral

Th2

95
Q

lepromatous leprosy is analogous to what other bacteria

A

miliary TB

96
Q

treatment for lepromatous leprosy

A

dapsone
ribiospfampin
clofazimine
- 2 years

97
Q

treatment for tuberculoid leprosy

A

dapsone
rifampin
- 6 months

98
Q

Bacillus anthracis is what type of bacteria

A

gram +

spore forming

99
Q

name 3 virulance factors for Bacillus anthracis

A

EF- edema factor
LF- lethal factor
PA protective antigen

100
Q

what makes up edema toxin

A

edema factor and protective antigen

101
Q

what makes up the Lethal toxin

A

lethal factor and protective antigen

102
Q

what does edema factor cause

A

increased intracellular cAMP-impaired flow of ions and water

103
Q

what activates the edema factor

A

human calmodulin

104
Q

role of lethal factor

A

induces macrophage to produce high levels of cytokines that trigger shock.

105
Q

role of protective antigen

A

promotes entry of EF into phagocytic cells

106
Q

how is bacillus anthracis spread

A

inhalation of aerosolized spores

107
Q

what does chest X-ray look like with Bacillus anthracies

A

mediastinal widening

108
Q

where does Bacillus anthracies replication occur in the body

A

lung with local exotoxin release

109
Q

what is the most common symptoms

A

cutaneous anthrax

110
Q

what is the clinical presentation for anthrax

A
  • painless papule at site of inoculation
  • progress to ulcer
  • necrotic eschar
  • malignant pustule: round black lesion with a rim of edema
111
Q

what should the microscopic exam reveal about B. antrhacis

A

from papules

  • no spires
  • serpentine chain of bacilli
112
Q

culture results for B. anthracis

A

non-hemolytic, sticky, colonies

113
Q

what test confirms B. anthracis

A

biochemical tests

114
Q

treatment for B. anthracis

A

Penicillin
Ciprofloxacin
Doxycycline
60 days

115
Q

how does one protect themselves form B. anthracis

A
  • inactivated cell-free product as vaccine

- live attenuated vaccine

D & T exam 2 (27 decks)

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