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PLE Microbiology > Bacteria - Gram Positive > Flashcards

Bacteria - Gram Positive Flashcards

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1
Q

How to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus

A

Catalase Test

+ in staph, - in strep

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2
Q

How to diffentiate staphylococcus aureus from other species

A

Coagulase Test
+ in aureus

Beta hemolytic

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3
Q

Coagulase Test logic

A

Fibrinogen to fibrin

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4
Q

Mannitol salt agar is used to culture what?

A

Staph aureus - turns yellow due to fermenting of mannitol

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5
Q

Main virulence factor for staph aureus

A

Protein A (component of cell wall) (prevents opsonization and phagocytosis)

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6
Q

Common diseases caused by Staph aureus

A 
Bacteria:
Post viral pneumonia
Abscesses
Septic arthritis
Infective endocarditis
Osteomyelitis

Toxin:
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Food poisoning

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7
Q

Mechanism of action of MRSA

A

Alters penicillin binding proteins, making it resistant to penicillin

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8
Q

Common infection site of staph epidermidis

A

Normal skin flora
Prosthetic joints
indwelling catheters
endocarditis in artificial valves

Produces biofilm which sticks to surfaces, metals, plastics

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9
Q

Treatment for biofilm forming staph epidermis

A

Vancomycin

Replace affected joint, catheter, etc

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10
Q

Staph epidermis vs staph saprophyticus (lab test)

A

Epidermis - Novobiocin sensitive

Saprophyticus - novobiocin resistant

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11
Q

Diseases in staph saprophyticus

A

UTI in sexually active female

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12
Q

Common for both staph epidermis and staph saprophyticus (lab test)

A

Catalase positive
Urease positive
Coagulase Negative

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13
Q

Morphology of staphylococci

A

Gram positive cocci in clusters

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14
Q

Morphology of streptococci

A

Gram positive cocci in chains

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15
Q

Group A Strep capsule is made of?

Significance of it?

A

Hyaluronic acid

  • therefore not immunogenic
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16
Q

Diseases of Strep Pyogenes (Group A strep)

A

Bacteria:
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Cellulitis/Erysipelas

ExoToxin:
Scarlet fever
Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome
Necrotizing Fasciitis

Immune reaction
Rhemuatic Fever
PSGN

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17
Q

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever

A

Strawberry Tongue
Pharyngitis
Widespread rash sparing the face

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18
Q

Strep protein involved in Rheumatic Fever

What does it mimic in the body

A

M protein (anti-phagocytic, immunogenic)

Similar to myosin

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19
Q

Rheumatic fever is precipitated by what type of strep infection

A

Pharyngitis only

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20
Q

What type of immune reaction is rheumatic fever? PSGN?

A

RF - Type II

PSGN - Type III

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21
Q

PSGN is precipitated by what infections

A

Pharyngitis, Impetigo

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22
Q

Early treatment of strep throat affects prognosis of which post strep infection

A

RF.

Not PSGN

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23
Q

Viruelence factors of Strep

A

Streptolysin O -
Streptokinase - (destroyes clot)
DNase (depolymerize DNA)

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24
Q

Group A strep vs Group B strep (lab test)

A

Bacitracin Test
Sensitive - Group A
Resistant - Group B

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25
Q

Titers of what determines previous strep infections

A

Anti-streptolysin O

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26
Q

Group B strep scientific name

A

Streptococcus Agalactiae

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27
Q

Diseases of Group B strep

A

Meningitis in neonates
Neonatal sepsis
Pneumonia

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28
Q

Tests for Strep agalactiae

A

Hippurate Positive

CAMP Test Positive (increase zone of hemolysis when plated with staph aureus)

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29
Q

Capsule of strep agalactiae made of

A

Polysaccharide

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30
Q

Rectovaginal swabs for strep agalactiae are done at what week AOG

A

35 wks

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31
Q

Beta hemolytic strep examples:

A

Strep pyogenes

Strep agalactiae

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32
Q

Alpha hemolytic strep examples

A

(alpha = partial hemolysis)
Strep pneumoniae
Strep viridans

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33
Q

Strep pneumoniae capsule made of

A

Polysaccharide

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34
Q

Strep pneumoniae vs strep viridans (Lab test, structure)

A

Pneumoniae
Optochin sensitive
Encapsulated
Bile soluble

Viridans
Optochin resistant
No capsule
Bile insoluble

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35
Q

Morphology of strep pneumoniae

A

Lancet shaped diplococci

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36
Q

Strep pneumoniae diseases

A

Lobar Pneumonia with rust colored sputum
Meningitis
Otitis Media
Sinusutis

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37
Q

Protease present in Strep pneumoniae

A

IgA protease

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38
Q

Difference in immune response of PPSV23 and PCV13 (?)

A

Adult - IgM

Child IgG

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39
Q

Diseases in strep viridans

A

Dental caries

Subacute endocarditis in damaged valves

40
Q

Pathogenesis of strep viridans

A

Dextrans make it attach to platelets

41
Q

Two major species of enterococcus

A 
Enterococcus faecalis (more common)
Enterococcus faecium (more serious)
42
Q

Enterococcus is resistent to which substances

A

High NaCl 6.5%

Bile

43
Q

Diseases of enterococcus

A

UTI
endocarditis
Biliary tree infection

44
Q

Clinical significance of Enterococcus faecium

A

Nosocomial MDR. resistant to vancomycin.

45
Q

Antibiotics for enterococcus

A

Linezolid, Tigecycline

46
Q

Black eschar is associated with which bacteria

A

Bacillus anthracis

47
Q

Morphology of bacillus anthracis

A

Gram positive rods in chains

48
Q

Capsule present in bacillus anthracis

A

Protein capsule (Poly D glutamate)

49
Q

Respiration of bacillus anthracis

A

Obligate aerobe

50
Q

Spore forming bacteria

A

Bacillus, Clostridium

51
Q

Toxins of bacillus anthracis

A

LF (lethal factor) - exotoxin, protease which destroys MAP kinase, stops cell growth, causes necrosis
EF (edema factor) - adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP – edema, prevent phagocytosis

52
Q

Manifestations of anthrax

A

Black eschar

Pulmonary (hemorrhagic mediastinitis)

53
Q

Wool sorters disease is caused by what organism

A

Bacillus anthracis

54
Q

Drug of choice for anthrax

A

Fluoroquinolones

Doxycycline (2nd line)

55
Q

Respiration of clostridium

A

Obligate anaerobe

56
Q

Reservoir and transmission of clostridium tetani

A

Spores in rust and soil

57
Q

Symptoms associated with tetanus

A

Spastic paralysis
Risus sardonicus (lock jaw)
opistothonus (exaggerated arching of back)

58
Q

Pathogenesis of tetanus

A
  • Spores go inside wound
  • Tetanus toxin is released
  • travels retrograde to spinal cord
  • SNARE protein cleaved
  • inhibits release of GABA and Glycine
  • uncontrolled firing due to no inhibitors
59
Q

Cells which recognize overfiring of neurons and release inhibitory neurotransmitters, not working in tetanus

A

Renshaw cells

60
Q

Clostridium botulinum transmission

A

Improper canning of food (heat stable) spores live inside can

Honey may contain spores which germinate in baby gut

61
Q

Symptoms of botulism

A

Flaccid paralysis
Descending paralysis (superior to inferior)
Diplopia
Ptosis

62
Q

Pathophysiology of botulism

A

Preform toxin absorbed in gut

  • travels to peripheral nervous system
  • SNARE protein cleaved
  • toxin targets cholinergic nerves releasing acetylcholine
  • flaccid paralysis
63
Q

Floppy baby syndrome is associated with

A

Clostridium botulinum

Flaccid paralysis from spore germination in gut with few normal flora

Honey ingestion

64
Q

Nosocomial diarrhea acquired from spore transmission

A

Clostridium difficile

65
Q

Toxins released by Clostridium difficile

A

Exotoxin A - inflammation, cell death, watery diarrhea,
targets brush border of intestine

Exotoxin B - destroys cytoskeleton integrity from depolymerization of actin filaments - pseudomembrane formation

66
Q

Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile

A

Visualization of Toxin on stool. (not the organism)

Logic - Not all infected patients are symptomatic

67
Q

Treatment of Clostridium difficile

A 
Oral Vancomycin (NOT IV)
Metronidazole
68
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium perfringes

A 
Gas Gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) (crepitus)
Late onset food poisoning (spore produce toxin INSIDE body)
69
Q

Toxin involved in gas gangrene

A

alpha toxin containing lecithinase, causing red blood cell lysis

70
Q

Lab finding of clostridium perfringens

A

Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar

71
Q

Treatment of gas gangrene

A

Penicillin G

72
Q

Morphology of corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Club shaped gram positive rod, non spore forming, with metachromatic granules on aniline dye, with V or Y formatiobn

73
Q

Toxin caused by corynebacterium

A

Exotoxin A - active - inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting elongation factor 2 (EF-2)

Forms pseudomembranes in tonsils, airway

74
Q

Bull’s neck is associated with?

A

Diphtheria

75
Q

Clinical manifestations of diphtheria

A

Bulls neck
Respiratory infection with pseudomembrane formation in tonsil, airway
Lymphadenitis
Cardio effects - myocarditis, arrythmia, shock
Paralysis (pharynx to PNS) from damage to myelin

76
Q

Laboratory test of corynebacterium diptheriea

A

Tellurite agar

Loeffler’s medium

77
Q

Differentiating toxic vs nontoxic corynebacterium

A

Elek’s test

78
Q

Vaccine for diphtheria is?

A

Toxoid vaccine (DPT)

79
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes morphology

A

Gram positive bacillus with tumbling motility

80
Q

Actin Rockets are associated with what bacteria

A

Listeria Monocytonegenes

81
Q

Lab test for Listeria

A

Catalase positive

82
Q

Temperature preference of listeria

A

Cold, near freezing

83
Q

Common food contaminated with listeria

A

Milk, cheese.

84
Q

Population commonly affected with listeria

A

Pregnant women

85
Q

Listeria monocytonegenes causes meningitis in which population?

A

Newborns and elderly

86
Q

Treatment of listeria

A

Ampicillin

87
Q

Morphology of Actinomyces Israelli

A

Gram positive filamentous rod

88
Q

Respiration of Actinomyces

A

Obligate anaerobe

89
Q

Clinical manifestation of actinomyces

A

Jaw trauma infection (cervicofacial actinomyces) - lump to abscess in sinus tract

90
Q

Sinus tracts and yellow sulfur granules are associated with?

A

Actinomyces

91
Q

Treatment of actinomyces

A

Penicillin G

92
Q

Nocardia morphology

A

Gram positive filamentous branching rod

93
Q

Respiration of nocardia

A

Obligate aerobe

94
Q

Habitat of nocardia

A

Soil, not spore forming

95
Q

Test for nocardia

A

Weakly Acid fast (absorbed carbolfuschin due to mycolic acids)
Catalase positive
Urease positive

96
Q

Symptoms of nocardia

A 
Immunocompromised patients usually affected
(nonspecific)
Sites:
Pulmonary - pneumonia with abscess
CNS - brain abscess
Cutaneous - indurated lesions
97
Q

Treatment of Nocardia

A

Sulfonamides

PLE Microbiology (9 decks)

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