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Bacteria - Gram Positive Flashcards

1
Q

How to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus

A

Catalase Test

+ in staph, - in strep

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2
Q

How to diffentiate staphylococcus aureus from other species

A

Coagulase Test
+ in aureus

Beta hemolytic

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3
Q

Coagulase Test logic

A

Fibrinogen to fibrin

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4
Q

Mannitol salt agar is used to culture what?

A

Staph aureus - turns yellow due to fermenting of mannitol

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5
Q

Main virulence factor for staph aureus

A

Protein A (component of cell wall) (prevents opsonization and phagocytosis)

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6
Q

Common diseases caused by Staph aureus

A 
Bacteria:
Post viral pneumonia
Abscesses
Septic arthritis
Infective endocarditis
Osteomyelitis

Toxin:
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Food poisoning

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7
Q

Mechanism of action of MRSA

A

Alters penicillin binding proteins, making it resistant to penicillin

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8
Q

Common infection site of staph epidermidis

A

Normal skin flora
Prosthetic joints
indwelling catheters
endocarditis in artificial valves

Produces biofilm which sticks to surfaces, metals, plastics

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9
Q

Treatment for biofilm forming staph epidermis

A

Vancomycin

Replace affected joint, catheter, etc

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10
Q

Staph epidermis vs staph saprophyticus (lab test)

A

Epidermis - Novobiocin sensitive

Saprophyticus - novobiocin resistant

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11
Q

Diseases in staph saprophyticus

A

UTI in sexually active female

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12
Q

Common for both staph epidermis and staph saprophyticus (lab test)

A

Catalase positive
Urease positive
Coagulase Negative

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13
Q

Morphology of staphylococci

A

Gram positive cocci in clusters

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14
Q

Morphology of streptococci

A

Gram positive cocci in chains

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15
Q

Group A Strep capsule is made of?

Significance of it?

A

Hyaluronic acid

  • therefore not immunogenic
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16
Q

Diseases of Strep Pyogenes (Group A strep)

A

Bacteria:
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Cellulitis/Erysipelas

ExoToxin:
Scarlet fever
Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome
Necrotizing Fasciitis

Immune reaction
Rhemuatic Fever
PSGN

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17
Q

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever

A

Strawberry Tongue
Pharyngitis
Widespread rash sparing the face

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18
Q

Strep protein involved in Rheumatic Fever

What does it mimic in the body

A

M protein (anti-phagocytic, immunogenic)

Similar to myosin

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19
Q

Rheumatic fever is precipitated by what type of strep infection

A

Pharyngitis only

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20
Q

What type of immune reaction is rheumatic fever? PSGN?

A

RF - Type II

PSGN - Type III

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21
Q

PSGN is precipitated by what infections

A

Pharyngitis, Impetigo

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22
Q

Early treatment of strep throat affects prognosis of which post strep infection

A

RF.

Not PSGN

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23
Q

Viruelence factors of Strep

A

Streptolysin O -
Streptokinase - (destroyes clot)
DNase (depolymerize DNA)

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24
Q

Group A strep vs Group B strep (lab test)

A

Bacitracin Test
Sensitive - Group A
Resistant - Group B

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25
Titers of what determines previous strep infections
Anti-streptolysin O
26
Group B strep scientific name
Streptococcus Agalactiae
27
Diseases of Group B strep
Meningitis in neonates Neonatal sepsis Pneumonia
28
Tests for Strep agalactiae
Hippurate Positive CAMP Test Positive (increase zone of hemolysis when plated with staph aureus)
29
Capsule of strep agalactiae made of
Polysaccharide
30
Rectovaginal swabs for strep agalactiae are done at what week AOG
35 wks
31
Beta hemolytic strep examples:
Strep pyogenes | Strep agalactiae
32
Alpha hemolytic strep examples
(alpha = partial hemolysis) Strep pneumoniae Strep viridans
33
Strep pneumoniae capsule made of
Polysaccharide
34
Strep pneumoniae vs strep viridans (Lab test, structure)
Pneumoniae Optochin sensitive Encapsulated Bile soluble Viridans Optochin resistant No capsule Bile insoluble
35
Morphology of strep pneumoniae
Lancet shaped diplococci
36
Strep pneumoniae diseases
Lobar Pneumonia with rust colored sputum Meningitis Otitis Media Sinusutis
37
Protease present in Strep pneumoniae
IgA protease
38
Difference in immune response of PPSV23 and PCV13 (?)
Adult - IgM | Child IgG
39
Diseases in strep viridans
Dental caries | Subacute endocarditis in damaged valves
40
Pathogenesis of strep viridans
Dextrans make it attach to platelets
41
Two major species of enterococcus
``` Enterococcus faecalis (more common) Enterococcus faecium (more serious) ```
42
Enterococcus is resistent to which substances
High NaCl 6.5% | Bile
43
Diseases of enterococcus
UTI endocarditis Biliary tree infection
44
Clinical significance of Enterococcus faecium
Nosocomial MDR. resistant to vancomycin.
45
Antibiotics for enterococcus
Linezolid, Tigecycline
46
Black eschar is associated with which bacteria
Bacillus anthracis
47
Morphology of bacillus anthracis
Gram positive rods in chains
48
Capsule present in bacillus anthracis
Protein capsule (Poly D glutamate)
49
Respiration of bacillus anthracis
Obligate aerobe
50
Spore forming bacteria
Bacillus, Clostridium
51
Toxins of bacillus anthracis
LF (lethal factor) - exotoxin, protease which destroys MAP kinase, stops cell growth, causes necrosis EF (edema factor) - adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP -- edema, prevent phagocytosis
52
Manifestations of anthrax
Black eschar | Pulmonary (hemorrhagic mediastinitis)
53
Wool sorters disease is caused by what organism
Bacillus anthracis
54
Drug of choice for anthrax
Fluoroquinolones | Doxycycline (2nd line)
55
Respiration of clostridium
Obligate anaerobe
56
Reservoir and transmission of clostridium tetani
Spores in rust and soil
57
Symptoms associated with tetanus
Spastic paralysis Risus sardonicus (lock jaw) opistothonus (exaggerated arching of back)
58
Pathogenesis of tetanus
- Spores go inside wound - Tetanus toxin is released - travels retrograde to spinal cord - SNARE protein cleaved - inhibits release of GABA and Glycine - uncontrolled firing due to no inhibitors
59
Cells which recognize overfiring of neurons and release inhibitory neurotransmitters, not working in tetanus
Renshaw cells
60
Clostridium botulinum transmission
Improper canning of food (heat stable) spores live inside can Honey may contain spores which germinate in baby gut
61
Symptoms of botulism
Flaccid paralysis Descending paralysis (superior to inferior) Diplopia Ptosis
62
Pathophysiology of botulism
Preform toxin absorbed in gut - travels to peripheral nervous system - SNARE protein cleaved - toxin targets cholinergic nerves releasing acetylcholine - flaccid paralysis
63
Floppy baby syndrome is associated with
Clostridium botulinum Flaccid paralysis from spore germination in gut with few normal flora Honey ingestion
64
Nosocomial diarrhea acquired from spore transmission
Clostridium difficile
65
Toxins released by Clostridium difficile
Exotoxin A - inflammation, cell death, watery diarrhea, targets brush border of intestine Exotoxin B - destroys cytoskeleton integrity from depolymerization of actin filaments - pseudomembrane formation
66
Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile
Visualization of Toxin on stool. (not the organism) Logic - Not all infected patients are symptomatic
67
Treatment of Clostridium difficile
``` Oral Vancomycin (NOT IV) Metronidazole ```
68
Diseases caused by Clostridium perfringes
``` Gas Gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) (crepitus) Late onset food poisoning (spore produce toxin INSIDE body) ```
69
Toxin involved in gas gangrene
alpha toxin containing lecithinase, causing red blood cell lysis
70
Lab finding of clostridium perfringens
Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
71
Treatment of gas gangrene
Penicillin G
72
Morphology of corynebacterium diptheriae
Club shaped gram positive rod, non spore forming, with metachromatic granules on aniline dye, with V or Y formatiobn
73
Toxin caused by corynebacterium
Exotoxin A - active - inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting elongation factor 2 (EF-2) Forms pseudomembranes in tonsils, airway
74
Bull's neck is associated with?
Diphtheria
75
Clinical manifestations of diphtheria
Bulls neck Respiratory infection with pseudomembrane formation in tonsil, airway Lymphadenitis Cardio effects - myocarditis, arrythmia, shock Paralysis (pharynx to PNS) from damage to myelin
76
Laboratory test of corynebacterium diptheriea
Tellurite agar | Loeffler's medium
77
Differentiating toxic vs nontoxic corynebacterium
Elek's test
78
Vaccine for diphtheria is?
Toxoid vaccine (DPT)
79
Listeria Monocytogenes morphology
Gram positive bacillus with tumbling motility
80
Actin Rockets are associated with what bacteria
Listeria Monocytonegenes
81
Lab test for Listeria
Catalase positive
82
Temperature preference of listeria
Cold, near freezing
83
Common food contaminated with listeria
Milk, cheese.
84
Population commonly affected with listeria
Pregnant women
85
Listeria monocytonegenes causes meningitis in which population?
Newborns and elderly
86
Treatment of listeria
Ampicillin
87
Morphology of Actinomyces Israelli
Gram positive filamentous rod
88
Respiration of Actinomyces
Obligate anaerobe
89
Clinical manifestation of actinomyces
Jaw trauma infection (cervicofacial actinomyces) - lump to abscess in sinus tract
90
Sinus tracts and yellow sulfur granules are associated with?
Actinomyces
91
Treatment of actinomyces
Penicillin G
92
Nocardia morphology
Gram positive filamentous branching rod
93
Respiration of nocardia
Obligate aerobe
94
Habitat of nocardia
Soil, not spore forming
95
Test for nocardia
Weakly Acid fast (absorbed carbolfuschin due to mycolic acids) Catalase positive Urease positive
96
Symptoms of nocardia
``` Immunocompromised patients usually affected (nonspecific) Sites: Pulmonary - pneumonia with abscess CNS - brain abscess Cutaneous - indurated lesions ```
97
Treatment of Nocardia
Sulfonamides

PLE Microbiology (9 decks)

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