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Biopsychology > B9- Reproductive Behavior > Flashcards

B9- Reproductive Behavior Flashcards

0
Q

Gamete

A

A mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum

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1
Q

Sexually dimorphic behavior

A

A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females

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2
Q

Sex chromosome

A

The X and Y chromosome, which determine an organism’s gender. Normally, XX individuals are female, XY individuals are male

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3
Q

Gonad

A

An ovary or testis

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4
Q

Sry

A

The gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes

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5
Q

Organizational effect (of hormone)

A

The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development

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6
Q

Activational effect (of hormone)

A

The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones

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7
Q

Müllerian system

A

The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs

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8
Q

Wolffian system

A

The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs

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9
Q

Anti-Müllerian hormone

A

A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Müllerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs

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10
Q

Defeminizing effect

A

An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females

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11
Q

Androgen

A

A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principle mammalian androgen

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12
Q

Masculinizing effect

A

An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males

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13
Q

Testosterone

A

The principle androgen found in males

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14
Q

Dihydrotestosterone

A

An androgen produced from testosterone through the action of enzyme

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15
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, it causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs

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16
Q

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

A

A condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Müllerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male , it causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

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17
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

The presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia

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18
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone

19
Q

Gonadotropic hormone

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads

20
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum

21
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum

22
Q

Kisspeptin

A

A peptide essential for the initiation of puberty and the maintenance of male and female reproductive ability; controls the secretion of GnRH, which directs the production and release of the gonadotropic hormones

23
Q

Estradiol

A

The principle estrogen of many mammals, including humans

24
Q

Estrogen

A

A class of sex hormones that causes maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristics of females

25
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development if a corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur) menstruation

26
Q

Estrous cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates

27
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum

28
Q

Corpus luteum

A

A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone

29
Q

Progesterone

A

A steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol, it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles

30
Q

Refractory period

A

A period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male) during which that action cannot occur again

31
Q

Coolidge effect

A

The restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become “exhausted” by sexual activity

32
Q

Lordosis

A

A spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to the approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters

33
Q

Pheromone

A

A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted

34
Q

Lee-Boot effect

A

The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals’ urine; first observed in mice

35
Q

Whitten effect

A

The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male’s urine

36
Q

Vandenbergh effect

A

The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male’s urine; first observed in mice

37
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones

38
Q

Accessory olfactory bulb

A

A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal organ

39
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia

40
Q

Medial preoptic area (MPA)

A

A area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior

41
Q

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females, first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior

42
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

A

The region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior

43
Q

Nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi)

A

A nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial preoptic area; contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes I males

44
Q

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)

A

A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the third ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior

45
Q

Parturition

A

The act of giving birth

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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