B11- Ingestive Behaior

Question 0

Ingestive behavior

Answer 0

Eating or drinking

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The process by which the body’s substances and characteristics (such as temperature and glucose level) are maintained at their optimal level

Question 2

System variable

Answer 2

A variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, for example, temperature in a heating system

Question 3

Set point

Answer 3

The optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism

Question 4

Detector

Answer 4

In a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from it’s set point

Question 5

Correctional mechanism

Answer 5

In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable

Question 6

Negative feedback

Answer 6

A process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristic of regulatory systems

Question 7

Satiety mechanism

Answer 7

A rain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water

Question 8

Intracelular fluid

Answer 8

The fluid contained within cells

Question 9

Extracellular fluid

Answer 9

All body fluids outside cells: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

Intravascular fluid

Answer 10

The fluid found within the blood vessels

Question 11

Interstitial fluid

Answer 11

The fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space between the cells of the body (the “interstices”)

Question 12

Isotonic

Answer 12

Equal in osmotic pressure to the contents of a cell. A cell placed in an isotonic solution neither gains not loses water

Question 13

Hypertonic

Answer 13

The characteristics of a solution that contains enough solute that it will draw water out of a cell placed in it, through the process of osmosis

Question 14

Hypotonic

Answer 14

The characteristic of a solution that contains so little solute that a cell placed in it will absorb water, through the process of osmosis

Question 15

Hypovolemia

Answer 15

Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid

Question 16

Osmometric thirst

Answer 16

Thirst produced by a increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intercellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration

Question 17

Osmoreceptor

Answer 17

A neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it

Question 18

Volumetric thirst

Answer 18

Thirst produced by hypovolemia

Question 19

Renin

Answer 19

A hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversation of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin

Question 20

Angiotensin

Answer 20

A peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of sodium and water, and produces thirst and a salt appetite

Question 21

Subfornical organ (SFO)

Answer 21

A small organ located in the confluence of the lateral ventricles, attached to the underside of the fornix; contains neurons that detect the presence of angiotensin in the blood and excite neural circuits that initiate drinking

Question 22

Median preoptic nucleus

Answer 22

A small nucleus situated around the front of the anterior commissure; plays a role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

A polysaccharide often referred to as animal starch; stored in the liver and muscle; constitutes the short-term store of nutrients

Question 24

Insulin

Answer 24

A pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into the cell, conversion of glucose into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose tissue

Question 25

Glucagon

Answer 25

A pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose

Question 26

Triglyceride

Answer 26

The form of fat storage in adipose cells; consist of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids

Question 27

Glycerol

Answer 27

A substance (also called glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids; can be converted by the liver into glucose

Question 28

Fatty acid

Answer 28

A substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain

Question 29

Fasting phase

Answer 29

The phase of metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue during this phase

Question 30

Absorptive phase

Answer 30

The phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principle source if energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides

Question 31

Ghrelin

Answer 31

A peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating; also produced by neurons in the brain

Question 32

Duodenum

Answer 32

The first position of the small intestine, attached directly to the stomach

Question 33

Glucoprivation

Answer 33

A dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism

Question 34

Lipoprivation

Answer 34

A dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism

Question 35

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 35

The vein that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver

Question 36

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 36

A hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder (cholecyst) to contract; appears to provide a satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve

Question 37

Peptide YY 3-36 (PYY)

Answer 37

A chemical produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract and released by the small intestine after a meal in amounts proportional to the calories that were just ingested; serves as a satiety signal

Question 38

Ob mouse

Answer 38

A strain if mice whose obesity and low metabolic rate are caused by a mutation that prevents the production of leptin

Question 39

Leptin

Answer 39

A hormone secreted by and impose tissue; decreases food intake and increases metabolic rate, primary by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus

Question 40

Decerebration

Answer 40

A surgical procedure that severs the brain stem, disconnecting the hindbrain from the forebrain

Question 41

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

Answer 41

One of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate

Question 42

Orexin

Answer 42

One of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate. Also called hypocretin

Question 43

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Answer 43

A peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that stimulate feeding, insulin and glucocorticoid secretion; decrease the breakdown of triglycerides; and decrease body temperature

Question 44

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 44

A nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding and control if metabolism

Question 45

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Answer 45

A nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the dorsal third ventricle; contains neurons involved in the control of the autonomic nerves system and the posterior pituitary gland

Question 46

Agouti-related protein (AGRP)

Answer 46

A neuro peptide that acts as an antagonist at MC-4 receptors and increases eating

Question 47

CART

Answer 47

Cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript; a peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding