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Biopsychology > B11- Ingestive Behaior > Flashcards

B11- Ingestive Behaior Flashcards

0
Q

Ingestive behavior

A

Eating or drinking

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which the body’s substances and characteristics (such as temperature and glucose level) are maintained at their optimal level

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2
Q

System variable

A

A variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, for example, temperature in a heating system

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3
Q

Set point

A

The optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism

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4
Q

Detector

A

In a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from it’s set point

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5
Q

Correctional mechanism

A

In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

A process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristic of regulatory systems

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7
Q

Satiety mechanism

A

A rain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water

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8
Q

Intracelular fluid

A

The fluid contained within cells

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

All body fluids outside cells: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

The fluid found within the blood vessels

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11
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space between the cells of the body (the “interstices”)

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12
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal in osmotic pressure to the contents of a cell. A cell placed in an isotonic solution neither gains not loses water

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13
Q

Hypertonic

A

The characteristics of a solution that contains enough solute that it will draw water out of a cell placed in it, through the process of osmosis

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14
Q

Hypotonic

A

The characteristic of a solution that contains so little solute that a cell placed in it will absorb water, through the process of osmosis

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15
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid

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16
Q

Osmometric thirst

A

Thirst produced by a increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intercellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration

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17
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

A neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it

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18
Q

Volumetric thirst

A

Thirst produced by hypovolemia

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19
Q

Renin

A

A hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversation of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin

20
Q

Angiotensin

A

A peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of sodium and water, and produces thirst and a salt appetite

21
Q

Subfornical organ (SFO)

A

A small organ located in the confluence of the lateral ventricles, attached to the underside of the fornix; contains neurons that detect the presence of angiotensin in the blood and excite neural circuits that initiate drinking

22
Q

Median preoptic nucleus

A

A small nucleus situated around the front of the anterior commissure; plays a role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin

23
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide often referred to as animal starch; stored in the liver and muscle; constitutes the short-term store of nutrients

24
Q

Insulin

A

A pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into the cell, conversion of glucose into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose tissue

25
Q

Glucagon

A

A pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose

26
Q

Triglyceride

A

The form of fat storage in adipose cells; consist of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids

27
Q

Glycerol

A

A substance (also called glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids; can be converted by the liver into glucose

28
Q

Fatty acid

A

A substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain

29
Q

Fasting phase

A

The phase of metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue during this phase

30
Q

Absorptive phase

A

The phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principle source if energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides

31
Q

Ghrelin

A

A peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating; also produced by neurons in the brain

32
Q

Duodenum

A

The first position of the small intestine, attached directly to the stomach

33
Q

Glucoprivation

A

A dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism

34
Q

Lipoprivation

A

A dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism

35
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

The vein that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver

36
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder (cholecyst) to contract; appears to provide a satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve

37
Q

Peptide YY 3-36 (PYY)

A

A chemical produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract and released by the small intestine after a meal in amounts proportional to the calories that were just ingested; serves as a satiety signal

38
Q

Ob mouse

A

A strain if mice whose obesity and low metabolic rate are caused by a mutation that prevents the production of leptin

39
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone secreted by and impose tissue; decreases food intake and increases metabolic rate, primary by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus

40
Q

Decerebration

A

A surgical procedure that severs the brain stem, disconnecting the hindbrain from the forebrain

41
Q

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

A

One of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate

42
Q

Orexin

A

One of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate. Also called hypocretin

43
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

A peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that stimulate feeding, insulin and glucocorticoid secretion; decrease the breakdown of triglycerides; and decrease body temperature

44
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

A nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding and control if metabolism

45
Q

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

A nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the dorsal third ventricle; contains neurons involved in the control of the autonomic nerves system and the posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

Agouti-related protein (AGRP)

A

A neuro peptide that acts as an antagonist at MC-4 receptors and increases eating

47
Q

CART

A

Cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript; a peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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