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Biopsychology > B5-Methods and Strategies of Research > Flashcards

B5-Methods and Strategies of Research Flashcards

0
Q

Lesion study

A

A synonym for experimental abilation

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1
Q

Experimental ablation

A

The removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a laboratory animal; presumably, the functions that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled

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2
Q

Excitotoxic lesion

A

Sham lesion

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3
Q

Sham lesion

A

A “placebo” procedure that duplicates all the steps I producing a brain lesion except for the one that actually causes the brain damage

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4
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain

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5
Q

Bregma

A

The junction of the sagittal and coronal structures of the skull; often as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery

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6
Q

Stereotaxic atlas

A

A collection of drawings of selections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery

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7
Q

Stereotaxic apparatus

A

A device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain

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8
Q

Fixative

A

A chemical such as formalin; used to prepare and preserve body tissue

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9
Q

Formalin

A

The aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas; the most

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10
Q

Microtome

A

An instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues

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11
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

A microscope that provides three-dimensional information about the shape of the surface of a small object

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12
Q

Anterograde labeling method

A

A histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region

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13
Q

PHA-L

A

Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin; a protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons

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14
Q

Immunocytochemical method

A

A historical method that uses radioactive antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides

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15
Q

Retrograde labeling method

A

A histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region

16
Q

Fluorogold

A

A dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies

17
Q

Transneuronal tracing method

A

A tracing method that identifies a series of neurons that form serial synaptic connections with each other, either in anterograde of retrograde direction; involves infection of specific neurons with weakened forms of rabies of herpes viruses

18
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

The use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a “slice” through the body

19
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

A technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and strong magnetic field

20
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

An imaging method that uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain

21
Q

Microelectrode

A

A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons

22
Q

Single-unit recording

A

Recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron

23
Q

Macroelectrode

A

An electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain; much larger than a microelectrode

24
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp

25
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

A procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity; uses an array of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)

26
Q

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)

A

A sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized

27
Q

Autoradiography

A

A procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue

28
Q

Fos

A

A protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulated

29
Q

Functional imaging

A

A computerized method of detecting metabolic of chemical changes in particular regions of the brain

30
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A functional imaging method that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain

31
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

A functional imaging method; a modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain

32
Q

Optogenetic methods

A

The use of a genetically modified virus to insert light-sensitive ion channels into the membrane of particular neurons in the brain; can depolarize of hyperpolarize the neurons when light of the appropriate wavelength is applied

33
Q

Trainscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of magnetic fields produced by passing pulses of electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull; interferes with the functions of the brain region that is stimulated

34
Q

Microdialysis

A

A procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain

35
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes that compose the DNA of a particular species

36
Q

Allele

A

The nature of the particular sequence of base pairs of DNA thy constitutes a gene; for example, the genes that code for blue of brown iris pigment are different alleles of a particular gene

37
Q

Targeted mutation

A

A muttered gene (also called a “knockout gene”) produced in the laboratory and inserted into the chromosomes of mice; fails to produce a functional protein

38
Q

Antisense oligonucleotide

A

A modified strand of RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of messenger RNA and prevents it from producing its particular protein

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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