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Biopsychology > B14-Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

B14-Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor

A

A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function.

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2
Q

Malignant tumor

A

A cancerous (literally, “harm-producing”) tumor; lacks a distinct border and may metastasize.

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3
Q

Benign tumor

A

(bee nine) A noncancerous (literally, “harmless”) tumor; has a distinct border and cannot metastasize.

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4
Q

metastasis

A

(meh tass ta sis) The process by which cells break off of a tumor, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body.

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5
Q

Glioma

A

(glee oh mah) A cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells.

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6
Q

Tumor-initiating cell

A

Cells that originate from transformations of neural stem cells, rapidly proliferate, and give rise to a glioma

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7
Q

Meningioma

A

(men in jee oh ma) A benign brain tumor composed of the cells that constitute the meninges.

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8
Q

Seizure disorder

A

The preferred term for epilepsy.

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9
Q

Convulsion

A

A violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by a seizure.

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10
Q

Partial seizure

A

A seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to the rest of the brain.

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11
Q

Generalized seizure

A

A seizure that involves most of the brain, as contrasted with a partial seizure, which remains localized.

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12
Q

Simple partial seizure

A

A partial seizure, starting from a focus and remaining localized, that does not produce loss of consciousness.

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13
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

A partial seizure, starting from a focus and remaining localized, that produces loss of consciousness.

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14
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

A generalized convulsive seizure that includes a tonic phase of rigidity followed by a clonic phase of jerky movements.

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15
Q

aura

A

A sensation that precedes a seizure; its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus

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16
Q

tonic phase

A

The first phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of the patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted.

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17
Q

clonic phase

A

The phase of a tonic-clonic seizure in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements.

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18
Q

absence

A

A type of seizure disorder often seen in children; characterized by periods of inattention, which are not subsequently remembered; also called petit mal seizure.

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19
Q

status epilepticus

A

A condition in which a patient undergoes a series of seizures without regaining consciousness.

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20
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

A cerebrovascular accident caused by the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel.

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21
Q

ischemic stroke

A

A cerebrovascular accident caused by occlusion of a blood vessel.

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22
Q

thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may occlude it.

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23
Q

embolus (emm bo lus)

A

A piece of matter (such as a blood clot, fat, or bacterial debris) that dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery; in the brain, an embolus can lead to a stroke.

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24
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

A birth defect caused by ingestion of alcohol by a pregnant woman; includes characteristic facial anomalies and faulty brain development.

25
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU) (fee nul kee to new ree uh)

A

A hereditary disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine; the accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage unless a special diet is implemented soon after birth.

26
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

A heritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder; lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste products and swelling of cells of the brain.

27
Q

Down syndrome

A

A disorder caused by the presence of an extra twenty-first chromosome, characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation and often by physical abnormalities.

28
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

A

A contagious brain disease whose degenerative process gives the brain a spongelike appearance; caused by accumulation of misfolded prion protein.

29
Q

prion (pree on)

A

A protein that can exist in two forms that differ only in their three-dimensional shape; accumulation of misfolded prion protein is responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

30
Q

sporadic disease

A

A disease that occurs rarely and is not obviously caused by heredity or an infectious agent.

31
Q

caspase

A

A “killer enzyme” that plays a role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

32
Q

Lewy body

A

Abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of a-synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson’s disease.

33
Q

a-synuclein

A

A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane, where it is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinson’s disease.

34
Q

toxic gain of function

A

Said of a genetic disorder caused by a dominant mutation that involves a faulty gene that produces a protein with toxic effects.

35
Q

parkin

A

A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to the proteasomes; mutated parkin is a cause of familial Parkinson’s disease.

36
Q

loss of function

A

Said of a genetic disorder caused by a recessive gene that fails to produce a protein that is necessary for good health.

37
Q

proteasome

A

An organelle responsible for destroying defective or degraded proteins within the cell.

38
Q

ubiquitin

A

A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes.

39
Q

internal division of the globus pallidus (GP)

A

A division of the globus pallidus that provides inhibitory input to the motor cortex via the thalamus; sometimes stereotaxically lesioned to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

40
Q

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in a particular region of the brain and attaching a device that permits the electrical stimulation of that region through the eletrodes.

41
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

An inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the basal ganglia; characterized by progressively more severe uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, dementia, and finally death.

42
Q

huntingtin (htt)

A

A protein that may serve to facilitate the production and transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Abnormal huntingtin is the cause of Huntington’s disease.

43
Q

dementia (da men sha)

A

A loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, perception, verbal ability, and judgment; common causes are multiple strokes and Alzheimer’s disease.

44
Q

Alheimer’s disease

A

A degenerative brain disorder of unknown origin; causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death.

45
Q

amyloid plaque

A

An extracellular deposit containing a dense core of B-amyloid protein surrounded by degenerating axons ad dendrites and activated microglia and reactive astrocytes.

46
Q

B-amyloid (AB) (amm i loyd)

A

A protein found in excessive amounts in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

47
Q

neurofibrillary tangle (new row fib ri lair y)

A

A dying neuron containing intracellular accumulations of twisted protein filaments that formerly served as the cell’s internal skeleton.

48
Q

tau protein

A

A protein that normally serves as a component of microtubules, which provide the cell’s transport mechanism.

49
Q

B-amyloid precursor protein (APP)

A

A protein produced and secreted by cells that serves as the precursor for B-amyloid protein.

50
Q

secretase (see cre tayss)

A

A class of enzymes that cut the B-amyloid precursor protein into smaller fragments, including B-amyloid.

51
Q

presenilin (pree sen ill in)

A

A protein produced by a faulty gene that causes B-amyloid precursor protein to be converted to the abnormal short form; may be a cause of Alzheimer’s disease.

52
Q

apolipoprotein E (ApoE) (ay po lye po proh teen)

A

A glycoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood and plays a role in cellular repair; presence of the E4 allele of the apoE gene increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.

53
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

A degenerative disorder that attacks the spinal cord and crainial nerve motor neurons.

54
Q

encephalitis (en seff a lye tis)

A

An inflammation of the brain; caused by bacteria, viruses, or toxic chemicals.

55
Q

herpes simplex virus (her peez)

A

A virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage.

56
Q

acute anterior poliomyelitis (poh lee oh my a lye tis)

A

A viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord.

57
Q

rabies

A

A fatal viral disease that causes brain damage; usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.

58
Q

meningitis (men in jy tis)

A

An inflammation of the meninges; can be caused by viruses or bacteria.

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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