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Biopsychology > B4-Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

B4-Psychopharmacology Flashcards

0
Q

Drug effect

A

The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological processes and behavior

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1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system

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2
Q

Site of action

A

A location at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, this affecting some biochemical processes of these cells

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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted

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4
Q

Intravenous (IV) injection

A

Injection of a substance directly into a vein

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5
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP) injection

A

Injection if a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs

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6
Q

Intramuscular (IM) injection

A

Injection of a substance into a muscle

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7
Q

Subcutaneous (SC) injection

A

Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin

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8
Q

Oral administration

A

Administration of a substance into the mouth, so that it is swallowed

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9
Q

Sublingual administration

A

Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue

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10
Q

Intrarectal administration

A

Administration of a substance into the rectum

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11
Q

Inhalation

A

Administration of vaporous substance into the lungs

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12
Q

Topical administration

A

Administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane

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13
Q

Intracerebral administration

A

Administration of a substance directly into the brain

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14
Q

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration

A

Administration of a substance into one of the cerebral ventricles

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15
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administration

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16
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50 percent of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50 percent of the animals

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17
Q

Affinity

A

The readiness with which two molecules join together

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18
Q

Tolerance

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

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19
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

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20
Q

Withdrawal symptom

A

The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken

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21
Q

Placebo

A

An inert substance that is given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration if a drug

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22
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the post synaptic cell

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23
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that facilities the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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24
Q

Direct agonist

A

A drug that binds with and activates a receptor

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25
Q

Receptor blocker

A

A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor

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26
Q

Direct antagonist

A

A synonym for receptor blocker

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27
Q

Noncompetitive binding

A

Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

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28
Q

Indirect antagonist

A

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action if the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand

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29
Q

Indirect agonist

A

The drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

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30
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylcholine

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31
Q

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A

The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetylcholine coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

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32
Q

Botulinun toxin

A

An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons

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33
Q

Black widow spider venom

A

A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine

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34
Q

Neostigmine

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase

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35
Q

Nicotine receptor

A

An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare

36
Q

Muscarinic receptor

A

A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine

37
Q

Atropine

A

A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

38
Q

Curare

A

A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

39
Q

Monoamine

A

Class of ameans that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine and norepinephrine and epinephrine

40
Q

Catecholamine

A

The class of amines that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine and epinephrine

41
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

A neurotransmitter one of the catecholamines

42
Q

L-DOPA

A

The levorotatory form of DOPA; the precursor of the catecholamines; often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist

43
Q

Nigrostriatal system

A

A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

44
Q

Mesolimbic system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus

45
Q

Mesocortical system

A

A system of depaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal systems

47
Q

AMPT

A

A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines

48
Q

Reserpine

A

A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles

49
Q

Methylphenidate

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine

50
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

51
Q

Deprenyl

A

A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B; acts as a dopamine agonist

52
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors

53
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

One of the catecholamines; a neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

54
Q

Epinephrine

A

One of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves also as a neurotransmitter in the brain

55
Q

Fusaric acid

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and this blocks the production of norepinephrine

56
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

A dark colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle

57
Q

Idazoxan

A

A drug that blocks presynaptic noradrenergic a2 receptors and hence acts as an agonist, stimulating the synthesis and release of NE

58
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

An indolamine neurotransmitter; also called 5-hydroxytryptamine

59
Q

PCPA

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of 5-HT

60
Q

Fluoxetine

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT

61
Q

Fenfluramine

A

A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT

62
Q

LSD

A

A drug that stimulates 5-HT2A receptors

63
Q

MDMA

A

A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as “ecstasy”; has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects

64
Q

Histamine

A

A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in stimulating wakefulness

65
Q

Glutamate

A

An amino acid, the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

66
Q

NMDA receptor

A

A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; has several other binding sites

67
Q

AMPA receptor

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid

68
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

A category of metabotropic receptors that are sensitive to glutamate

69
Q

AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate)

A

PCP

70
Q

PCP

A

Phencyclidine; a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist

71
Q

GABA

A

An amino acid; the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

72
Q

Allylglycine

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of GAD an thus blocks the synthesis of GABA

73
Q

Muscimol

A

A direct agonist for the GABA binding site on the GABAa receptor

74
Q

Bicuculline

A

A direct antagonist for the GABA binding site on the GABAa receptor

75
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

A category of anxiolytic drugs; an indirect agonist for then GABAa receptor

76
Q

Anxiolytic

A

An amino acid; an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord

77
Q

Strychnine

A

A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor

78
Q

Endogenous opioid

A

A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates

79
Q

Enkephalins

A

.

80
Q

Naloxone

A

A drug that blocks opiate receptors

81
Q

Endocannabinoid

A

A lipid; an endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana

82
Q

Anandamide

A

The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one

83
Q

Rimonabant

A

A drug that blocks

84
Q

Adenosine

A

A nucleoside; a combination of ribose and adenine; serves as a neuromodulator in the brain

85
Q

Caffeine

A

A drug that blocks adenosine receptors

86
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

A

A gas produced by cells in the nervous system; used as a means of communication between cells

87
Q

Nitric oxide synthase

A

The enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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