B8-Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Question 0

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Answer 0

An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements

Question 1

Electromyogram (EMG)

Answer 1

An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on our in the muscle

Question 2

Alpha activity

Answer 2

Smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation

Question 3

Beta activity

Answer 3

Regular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with the state of arousal

Question 4

Theta activity

Answer 4

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep

Question 5

Delta activity

Answer 5

Regular synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

Question 6

Slow-wave sleep

Answer 6

Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during deeper stages

Question 7

Down state

Answer 7

A period of inhibition during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex cortex are silent and resting

Question 8

Up state

Answer 8

A period of excitation during a slow oscillation during slow wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex briefly fire at a high rate

Question 9

REM sleep

Answer 9

The period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep

Question 10

Sleep apnea

Answer 10

Cessation of breathing while sleeping

Question 11

Narcolepsy

Answer 11

Sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 12

Sleep attack

Answer 12

A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed

Question 13

Cataplexy

Answer 13

A symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking

Question 14

Sleep paralysis

Answer 14

A symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep

Question 15

Hypnagogic hallucination

Answer 15

A symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis

Question 16

Orexin

Answer 16

A peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy

Question 17

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 17

A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams

Question 18

Sleep-related eating disorder

Answer 18

A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day

Question 19

Fatal familial insomnia

Answer 19

A fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia

Question 20

Rebound phenomenon

Answer 20

The increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation

Question 21

Adenosine

Answer 21

A neuro-modulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity; may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep

Question 22

Locus coeruleus

Answer 22

A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance

Question 23

Raphe nuclei

Answer 23

A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midline; contain serotonergic neurons

Question 24

Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Answer 24

A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal

Question 25

Vetrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)

Answer 25

A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal ad promotes sleep

Question 26

Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

Answer 26

A region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop

Question 27

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vIPAG)

Answer 27

A region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop

Question 28

Circadian rhythm

Answer 28

A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process

Question 29

Zeitgeber

Answer 29

A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms

Question 30

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 30

A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body’s circadian rhythms

Question 31

Melanopsin

Answer 31

A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei

Question 32

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Answer 32

A four-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

Question 33

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Answer 33

A four-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

Question 34

Pineal gland

Answer 34

A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

Question 35

Melatonin

Answer 35

A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms