Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biopsychology > B2-Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

B2-Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Motor neuron

A

A neuron located within the central nervous system that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that detects change in the external or internal environmental and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dendrite

A

A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Axon

A

The long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information form the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one axon attached to it soma; the axon divides with the one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Terminal button

A

The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron send information to that neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that is released by a terminal button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Membrane

A

A structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The viscous, semiliquid substance contained in the interior of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mitochondria

A

And organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism; it’s breakdown liberates energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nucleus

A

A structure in the central region of a cell, containing the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chromosome

A

A strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus; carries genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A long complex macromolecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands; along with associated proteins, strands of DNA constitute the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gene

A

The functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of one or more proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support structure formed of microtubules and other protein fibers that are linked to each other and form a cohesive mass that gives a cell it’s shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Enzyme

A

A molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

An active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Microtubule

A

A long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Glia

A

The supporting cells of the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Astrocyte

A

A glial cell that provides support for neurons of the central nervous system, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A type of glial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A naked portion of a myelinated axon, between adjacent oligodendroglia or Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Microglia

A

The smallest of glial cells; they act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Schwann cell

A

A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

A semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain’s capillaries

35
Q

Area postrema

A

A region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting

36
Q

Electrode

A

A conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation or to record electrical potentials

37
Q

Microelectrode

A

A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons

38
Q

Membrane potential

A

The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell

39
Q

Oscilloscope

A

A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube

40
Q

Resting potential

A

The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials approximately 70 mV in the giant squid axon

41
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential

42
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

An increase in the membrane potential of the cell relative to the normal resting potential

43
Q

Action potential

A

The brief electrical impulse that provides a basis for conduction of information along the axon

44
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce action

45
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration two regions of low concentration

46
Q

Electrolyte

A

An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes-namely a soluble acid-base or salt

47
Q

Ion

A

A charged molecule. Cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged

48
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

The attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charge with the same sign

49
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

The fluid contained within cells

50
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Body fluids located outside of cells

51
Q

Sodium-potassium transporter

A

A proteins found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell

52
Q

Ion channel

A

A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells

53
Q

Voltage-dependent ion channel

A

An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential

54
Q

All-or-none law

A

The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon it is propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber

55
Q

Rate law

A

The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires

56
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Conduction of action potentials by Myelinated axons. The action potential appear to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next

57
Q

Postsynaptic potential

A

Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at the synapse

58
Q

Binding site

A

The location on a receptor protein to which the ligand binds

59
Q

Ligand

A

A chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor

60
Q

Dendritic spine

A

A small bud on the surface of the dendrite with which the terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse

61
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

The membrane of the terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released

62
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

63
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

A small hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter

64
Q

Release zone

A

The region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

65
Q

Postsynaptic receptor

A

A receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter

66
Q

Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel

A

An ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor

67
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attached to the binding site

68
Q

Metabotropic receptor

A

A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the cell’s membrane when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site

69
Q

G protein

A

A protein coupled to the metabotropic receptor; conveys messages to other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor

70
Q

Second messenger

A

A chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme; carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell

71
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

An excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button

72
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

And inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button

73
Q

Reuptake

A

The reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential

74
Q

Enzymatic deactivation

A

The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after it’s release-for example the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase

75
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system; responsible for muscular contradiction

76
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine soon after it is liberated from terminal buttons, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential

77
Q

Neural integration

A

The process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron

78
Q

Autoreceptor

A

A receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron

79
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button

80
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; increases the amount of neuraltransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button

81
Q

Neuromodulator

A

A naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffused through the extracellular fluid

82
Q

Peptide

A

A chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Most neuromodulators, and some hormones, consist of peptide molecules

83
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs

84
Q

Endocrine gland

A

A gland that liberates it’s secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstream

85
Q

Target cell

A

The type of cell that contains receptors for a particular hormone and is affected by that hormone

Biopsychology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions