B2-Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Motor neuron

A

A neuron located within the central nervous system that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland

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1
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that detects change in the external or internal environmental and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system

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2
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system

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3
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons

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7
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron

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8
Q

Axon

A

The long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information form the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons

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9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma

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10
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma

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11
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one axon attached to it soma; the axon divides with the one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system

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12
Q

Terminal button

A

The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron send information to that neuron

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that is released by a terminal button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron

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14
Q

Membrane

A

A structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The viscous, semiliquid substance contained in the interior of a cell

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

And organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients

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17
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism; it’s breakdown liberates energy

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

A structure in the central region of a cell, containing the chromosomes

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19
Q

Chromosome

A

A strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus; carries genetic information

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20
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A long complex macromolecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands; along with associated proteins, strands of DNA constitute the chromosomes

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21
Q

Gene

A

The functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of one or more proteins

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support structure formed of microtubules and other protein fibers that are linked to each other and form a cohesive mass that gives a cell it’s shape

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23
Q

Enzyme

A

A molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts

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24
Axoplasmic transport
An active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon
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Microtubule
A long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within the cell
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Glia
The supporting cells of the central nervous system
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Astrocyte
A glial cell that provides support for neurons of the central nervous system, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid
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Phagocytosis
The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
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Oligodendrocyte
A type of glial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin sheaths
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Myelin sheath
A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons
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Node of Ranvier
A naked portion of a myelinated axon, between adjacent oligodendroglia or Schwann cells
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Microglia
The smallest of glial cells; they act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms
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Schwann cell
A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath.
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Blood-brain barrier
A semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries
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Area postrema
A region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting
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Electrode
A conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation or to record electrical potentials
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Microelectrode
A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons
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Membrane potential
The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell
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Oscilloscope
A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube
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Resting potential
The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials approximately 70 mV in the giant squid axon
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Depolarization
Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential
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Hyperpolarization
An increase in the membrane potential of the cell relative to the normal resting potential
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Action potential
The brief electrical impulse that provides a basis for conduction of information along the axon
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Threshold of excitation
The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce action
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration two regions of low concentration
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Electrolyte
An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes-namely a soluble acid-base or salt
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Ion
A charged molecule. Cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged
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Electrostatic pressure
The attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charge with the same sign
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Intracellular fluid
The fluid contained within cells
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Extracellular fluid
Body fluids located outside of cells
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Sodium-potassium transporter
A proteins found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell
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Ion channel
A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells
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Voltage-dependent ion channel
An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential
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All-or-none law
The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon it is propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber
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Rate law
The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires
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Saltatory conduction
Conduction of action potentials by Myelinated axons. The action potential appear to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
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Postsynaptic potential
Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at the synapse
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Binding site
The location on a receptor protein to which the ligand binds
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Ligand
A chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor
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Dendritic spine
A small bud on the surface of the dendrite with which the terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
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Presynaptic membrane
The membrane of the terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
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Synaptic cleft
Space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane
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Synaptic vesicle
A small hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
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Release zone
The region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
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Postsynaptic receptor
A receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel
An ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor
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Ionotropic receptor
A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attached to the binding site
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Metabotropic receptor
A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the cell's membrane when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
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G protein
A protein coupled to the metabotropic receptor; conveys messages to other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor
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Second messenger
A chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme; carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
An excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
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inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
And inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
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Reuptake
The reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
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Enzymatic deactivation
The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after it's release-for example the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system; responsible for muscular contradiction
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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine soon after it is liberated from terminal buttons, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
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Neural integration
The process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron
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Autoreceptor
A receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
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Presynaptic inhibition
The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
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Presynaptic facilitation
The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; increases the amount of neuraltransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
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Neuromodulator
A naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffused through the extracellular fluid
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Peptide
A chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Most neuromodulators, and some hormones, consist of peptide molecules
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Hormone
A chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs
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Endocrine gland
A gland that liberates it's secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstream
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Target cell
The type of cell that contains receptors for a particular hormone and is affected by that hormone