B7: Gas exchange, Breathing and Respiration Flashcards
Definition of respiration
process by which energy is released from food.
type of respiration
- aerobic
- anaerobic
what happens to the energy released from food
it is used to make ATP
how is ATP formed?
Energy produced used to combined ADP and phosphate group to form ATP
advantages of storing anergy produced from food in the form of ATP?
- energy is released rapidly
- small amount of energy produced for each molecule of ATP to prevent wastage
Energy released by ATP is used for?
- manufacture more complex molecules such as protein and DNA
- cell growth and repair
- cell division
- in active transport to move molecules and ions in and out of cells.
- special cell functions such as muscle contraction, and transmission of nerve impulses.
Energy released in respiration is used to make (1)___________ and some released as (2)____________
- ATP
- Heat
equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen ———–> carbon dioxide + water
in which organelle does aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria
how many ATP molecules are produced for each molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration?
38
how may moles of ATP are produced for each mole of glucose?
38
where does anaerobic respiration take place?
in the cytoplasm
how many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration
2
equation for anerobic respiration in yeasts
glucose ———-> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells
glucose ———-> lactic acid + energy
importance of anaerobic respiration in bacteria
bacteria break down organic waste in the abscence of oxygen to form biogas, which is a mixture of 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide. Biogas is used for fuel.
parameters to know when discussing the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- use of oxygen
- where they occur
- amount of energy released
- the end products
- where glucose is completely broken down or not.
what is gaseous exchange?
process by which oxygen diffuses into, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of an organism, through a gaseous exchange surface
what is the gaseous exchange surface?
lining across which gases diffuse.
examples of respiratory surfaces
alveoli in mamals
gills in fish
mesophyll layer in the leaves in plants
what is breathing?
movements in animals that bring oxygen to the gaseous exchange surface and remove carbon dioxide from the gaseous exchange surface.
features of gaseous exchange surfaces
- Thin - so that gases can quickly diffuse through them.
- Moist - moist, so that gases can dissolve before diffusing.
- Large surface area - the surface area for gases to diffuse through.
- Good blood supply - the airsacs have a large capillary network so that large volumes of gases can be exchanged.
Label the respiratory system
Label the respiratory system
what is the name pair of membranes that surround the lungs
pleural membranes
what is the name of the fluid found between the pleural membrane?
pleural fluid
where does gaseous exchange occur in humans?
the lungs
which vessel carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange?
the pulmomary artery
which vessel carries blood away from the lungs after gas exchange?
pulmonary veins
How is air brought into and pushed out of the lungs?
by movements of the diaphram and the interostal muscles connecting the ribs
Mechanism of inhalation(inspiration)
- external intercostal muscles contract
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- ribs and sternum move upwards and outwards
- diaphram contracts and flattens
- volume inside the lungs and thorax incease
- pressure inside the thorax and lungs decrease
- air drawn into the lungs due to the decreased pressure
Mechanism of exhalation(expiration)
- external intercostal muscles relax
- internal intercostal muscles contract
- ribs and sternum move downwards and inwards
- diaphram relaxes and domes upwards
- volume inside the lungs and thorax decrease
- pressure inside the thorax and lungs increase
- air pushed out of lungs due to the increased pressure in the lungs
explain gas exchange in the alveoli
composition of the follwing gases in inhaled and exhaled air
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Nitrogen
- water vapour
- 21%, 16%
- 0.04%, 4%
- 78%, 78%
- Varoable, saturated
where does gaseous excahnge occur in fish
gills
where does gaseous exchange occur in flowering plants?
Leaves, stems, roots
In flowering plants, the rate of (1)_________________ is equal to the rate of (2)_________________ at dusk and at (3)_______________. This is called the (4)______________.
- photosynthesis
- respiration
- dawn
- compensation point
for gaseous exchange in plants what is the compensation?
when the rate of photosynthesis ans respiration are equal.
at dusk an at dawn, why is there no net movement of gases in or out of leaves
because gaseous exchange has reached a compensation point where the rate of phosynthesis and the rate of respiration are the same.
when does photosynthesis occur?
when there is sunlight
when does respiration occur
all the time.
what are the negative effects of smoking cigarettes
- nicotin addiction. Nicotine is toxic, it increases heart rate and blood pressure, and increases the risk of stroke and osteoporosis.
- reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood because carbon monoxide combines with some of the haemoglobin. Smokers have decreased ability to exercise, and the foetus does not develop properly due to insufficient oxygen.
- Persistent cough. Due to increased mucus production and damaged cilia which no longer beat to remove the excess mucus.
- Cancer of the lung, throat, oesophagus and mouth because ciagrette smoke contains tar and over 60 other substances that cause cancer(carcinogens)
- Emphysema because the alveoli become damaged and less elastic.
- Chronic Bronchitis because of continuous irritation and inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles.
Negative Effects of smoking Marijuana
- persistent cough
- bronchitis
- lung cancer
- marijuana addiction
- frequent lung infections
