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CSEC BIOLOGY > B17: Disease > Flashcards

B17: Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Define disease

A

disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of cells, tissues and organs thereby damaging the health of the body

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2
Q

what are the 4 main types or categories of disease?

A
  • Hereditary
  • Deficiency
  • Pathogenic
  • Physiological
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3
Q

what is a hereditay disease?

Give 2 examples

A

Disease caused by an abnormal gene which passes from one generation to another

examples: sickle cell disease, haemophilia,

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4
Q

what is a deficiency disease? Give examples

A

Deficiency disease is a disease caused by lack of a nutrient in the diet

examples: Scurvy, anaemia, Kwashiorkor,

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5
Q

what is a pathogenic disease?

Give 4 examples

A

A pathogenic disease is when harmful organisms(viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa) invade the body.

Examples: AIDS, Syphilis, Mumbs, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Malaria

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6
Q

What is a physiological disease?

Give 4 examples.

A

A physiological disease is a disease cause by malfunctioning of the organs of the body.

Examples: Hypertension; diabetes; cancer, Parkinsons disease; stroke; heart disease

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7
Q

what is a vector?

Give 4 examples of vectors

A

a vector is an organism that carries pathogens in or on its body from person to person but itself not being affected.

  • houseflies
  • mosquitos
  • rats
  • fleas
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8
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of disease?

A
  1. Communicable: caused by pathogens and pass from one person to another.
  2. Non-commnicable diseases: cannot pass from on person to another. Hereditary, physiological and deficiency diseases are non-communicable diseases.
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9
Q

Diagram showing the life cycle of a mosquito.

A
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10
Q

Name the process whereby a mosquito egg becomes a full grown mosquito.

A

complete metamorphosis

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11
Q

Label the life cycle of the mosquito

A
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12
Q

what is metamorphosis?

A

complete metamorphosis is a complete change in the appearance of an organism during its growth and development

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13
Q

which stage of the mosquito life cycle requires water

A

egg, lavra, pupa

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14
Q

which stage of the misquito life cycle is known as the reproductive stage?

A

the adult stage

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15
Q

which stage of the mospquito life cycle is known as the feeding and growing stage?

A

the larva stage

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16
Q

what diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes?

A
  • Malaria
  • yellow fever
  • dengue
  • chikungunya
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17
Q

what are the 2 main types of mosquitoes involved in the transmission of tropical diseases and what disease do they transmit

A
  • Anopheles mospuito: Malaria
  • Aedes Mosquito: yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya
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18
Q

What is the primary host?

A

the target host ie the host that the pathogen makes ill.

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19
Q

what is the secondary host?

A

The intermediate host where the patogens reproduce without harming it, before moving to the primary host.

20
Q

How many hosts do mosquito borne pathogens have

A

2 - misquito and humans

21
Q

How does the mosquito trasmit pathogens from one person to another?

A
  • the pathogens remain and multiply in the salivary glands of the female mosquitoes
  • When the female mosquito bites someone they inject saliva into the blood to prevent clotting, so they can ingest it.
  • the mosquito therefore passes the pathogens to that persons bloodstream when they inject the saliva.
22
Q

What do we need to know about mosquitoes in order to control the spread of the diseases they trasmit?

A

their life cycle

23
Q

How are mosquitoes contolled?

A
  1. Controlling Larva and Pupae stages
  • Draining of standing water
  • adding insecticides to the breeding areas of mosquitoes
  • using fish that eat the larvae and pupae
  • spraying oil or kerosene on the surface of the breeding areas to prevent the lavae and pupae from breathing
  1. Controlling the adult stage
    * Spray with insecticides in houses and breeding sites
24
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a physiological disease where the control of blood glucose is abnormal

25
Q

what is hypertension?

A

Hypertension is a physiological disease in which the pressure in the arteries is higher that normal

26
Q

name some factors that lead to Diabetes type II and Hypertension?

A
  1. Factors that lead to diabetes type II: diet high in fat and refined sugars; obesity.
  2. Hypertension: High salt diet, lack of exercise, stress
27
Q

How can Diabetes and hypertension be controlled?

A
  • healthy balanced diet
  • regular exercise
28
Q

How can the 4 main types of disease be treated/controlled

A
  • Pathogenic disease: use of antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, vaccination
  • Deficiency disease: balanced diet; providing the deficient nutrients with dietary supplements
  • Physiological: Healthy lifestyle, proper diet, excercise, treating with drugs to control the disease such as insulin in diabetes and antihpertensive drugs.
29
Q

Definition of immunity

A

temporary or permanent resistance to pathogens

30
Q

How does blood defend the body against disease?

A
  1. First line of defense clots formation after a wound
  2. Second line of defense - phagocytes ingest and kill the pathogens
  3. Third line of defense - production of antibodies by lymphocytes - gives immunity agains the pathogen
31
Q

The 2 main types of immunity are

A
  • natural
  • artificial
32
Q

pathogens include

A

viruses

bacteria

fungi

parasites

33
Q

how antibodies work

A
  • released by lymphocytes
  • cause clumping together of the pathogens for phagocytes to engulf
  • cause pathogens to desintegrate
  • neutralize toxins produced by pathogens
34
Q

what is artificial immunity?

A

immunity adquired by vaccination

35
Q

importance of artificial immunity

A

controle the spread of communicable diseases

36
Q

What a vaccine may contain

A
  • live weakened pathogen eg measles, mumps, rubella vaccines
  • Dead pathogens eg cholera, influenza, polio vaccines
  • Toxins from the pathogen eg. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccines
  • fragments of the pathogen eg influenza vaccine
  • spacific antigens from the coat of the pathogen produced by genetic engineering eg hepatatis B vaccine.
37
Q

babies have immature immune systems. how are they protected from pathogens?

A

the mother’s antibodies pass to child by crossing the placenta or in breast milk.

38
Q

(1)____________ is a chemical that stimulates lymphocytes to produce (2)______________, which are (3) _____________ that attach to the (1)______________ on the pathogen. This attracts (4)__________ which engulf the pathogen and (5)_________ it within its (6)___________

A
  1. antigens
  2. antibodies
  3. proteins
  4. phagocytes
  5. digest
  6. Vacuoles
39
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide artificial immunity against diseases.

40
Q

what is an antitoxin?

A

antibodies that neurtalize toxins

41
Q

what is vaccination?

A

process by which vaccines are introduced in to the body to stimulate immunity against certain pathogens.

42
Q

what is natural immunity ?

A

forms of defence we inherit, eg. blood clotting, phagocytosis

43
Q

distinguish between specific immunity and nonspecific immunity

A
  • specific immunity is not inherited. specific immunity is inherited
  • Specific immunity involves lymphocytes, antibodies, antigens. Nonspecific immunity involves non-specific defences such as clotting of blood and phagocytes.
44
Q

Types of immunity

A
45
Q

Lines of defense against pathogens

A
46
Q

classify immunity

A

CSEC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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