B4: Circulation in Animals and Plants Flashcards
How to apply surface area-volume ratio in transport and circulation
- surface area is the numerator.
- volume is the denominator
- increased surface area means larger surface for movement of substances in and out of cells.
- the larger the surface area to volume ratio the more efficient the circulatory sytem is.
3 large Sugar Cubes A,B and C have the same dimensions
Cube A was cut into 2 pieces
Cube B was cut into 50 pieces
Cube C was not cut.
- After cutting, which block has the greatest total volume?
- Which block has the greatest surface area
- Which has the greatest surface area to volume ratio.
- In terms of surface area to volume ratio, which one will dissolved more quickly when placed in water?
- none
- B
- B
- B becuase it has greater surface area to volume ratio
factors that affect the transport and absorption of substances in living organisms
- Surface area to volume ratio
- Limitations of diffusion
why do large multicellular organisms need transport systems?
because they have very small surface area to volume ratio, so substances cannot readily reach all the cells by simple diffusion.
Parts of the circulatory system
- Heart
- blood
- blood vessels
parts of the blood
plasma
red blood cells
white bloos cells
platelets
composition of pasma
90% water
10% dissolved substances
How are substances carried in plasma
they are dissolved
dissloved substances in plasma
hormones
plasma proteins
waste products
products of digestion
functions of plasma
transports substances between different parts of the body
How is the structure of the red blood cell related to its funtion?
NB function is to carry oxygen
- biconcave disc shape increases surface area for easy diffusion
- they are elastic they can squeeze through capillaries
- contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide
How is the structure of the phagocyte white blood cell related to its funtion?
NB function is to engulf and destroy pathogens
- it has variable shape
- large cell
- lobed nucleus
- have pseudopodia that allows them to leave capillaries and engulf pathogens
- cytoplasm with many motochondria and vacuoles
How is the structure of the lymphocyte white blood cell related to its funtion?
NB function is production of antibodies
- rounded shape
- small cell
- large round nucleus that controls the production of antibodies
- small amount of cytoplasm
where are the following cells formed?
- red blood cell
- monocyte
- phagocyte
- platelets
- red bone marrow of flat bones eg ends of the long bones, scapula, sternum, pelvis cranium etc
- red bone marrow
- red bone marrow
- red bone marrow
what are the 2 grouping systems used to determine blood groups?
- ABO system - A, B , AB, O
- rhesus System - rh positve and rh negative
blood group O and no rh factor(rh negatve) we say:
O negative
How does blood defend the body against disease?
1st response- clots formation after a wound
2nd response - phagocytes ingest and kill viruses and bacteria
3rd repsonse - production of antibodies by lymphocytes - this gives immunity
the 2 types of immunity are
- natural
- artificial
Definition of immunity
temporary or permanent resistance to pathogens
Types of immunity
Lines of defense against pathogens
(1)____________ is a chemical that stimulates lymphocytes to produce (2)______________, which are (3) _____________ that attach to the (1)______________ on the pathogen. This attracts (4)__________ which engulf the pathogen and (5)_________ it within its (6)___________
- antigens
- antibodies
- proteins
- phagocytes
- digest
- Vacuoles
pathogens include
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
how antibodies work
- released by lymphocytes
- cause clumping together of the pathogens for phagocytes to engulf
- cause pathogens to desintegrate
- neutralize toxins produced by pathogens
classify immunity
what is artificial immunity?
immunity adquired by vaccination
importance of artificial immunity
controle the spread of communicable diseases
what is a vaccine?
a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide artificial immunity against diseases.
What a vaccine may contain
- live weakened pathogen eg measles, mumps, rubella vaccines
- Dead pathogens eg cholera, influenza, polio vaccines
- Toxins from the pathogen eg. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccines
- fragments of the pathogen eg influenza vaccine
- spacific antigens from the coat of the pathogen produced by genetic engineering eg hepatatis B vaccine.
what is an antitoxin?
antibodies that neurtalize toxins
what is vaccination?
process by which vaccines are introduced in to the body to stimulate immunity against certain pathogens.
what is natural immunity ?
forms of defence we inherit, eg. blood clotting, phagocytosis
babies have immature immune systems. how are they protected from pathogens?
the mother’s antibodies pass to child by crossing the placenta or in breast milk.
blood pathway
blood flow through the body
How is a Blood Clot formed?
- when exposed to air like in a cut, platelets release substances that interact with calcium ions in the plasma to activate the enzyme PROTHROMBIN.
- Inactive prothrombin changes into active enzyme thrombin
- Thrombin then catalyses the conversion of the soluble protein to insoluble fibrin
- fibrin forms a meshwork of fibres that trap platelets and blood cells, which dry to form a scam
How long does it take for antibodies to be poduced in the body in response to antigen?
about 1 week
what happens when a pathogen enters the body?
- the pathogen has antigens which trigger the production of antibodies by the lymphocytes
- The antibodies attach to antigens present on the pathogen.
- the antibody-antigen complex attracts phagocytes
- the phagocytes engulf the pathogen and digests it within its vauoles.
distinguish between specific immunity and nonspecific immunity
- specific immunity is not inherited. specific immunity is inherited
- Specific immunity involves lymphocytes, antibodies, antigens, and phagocytes. nonspecific immunity involves non-specific defences such as clotting of blood.
label the heart
When the heart muscle contract this is known as (1)__________ and when it relaxes this is know as (2)__________
- systole
- diastole
what is meant by double circulation?
blood flows through the heart twice during one complete circulation around the body and consists of the pulmonary circulation and the sytemic circulation.
why is the circulation described as closed circulatory system?
because the blood remains in the blood vessels during its flow around the body
In the systemic circulation, (1)__________ carry (2)__________ away from the heart while (3)________ carry (4)_______ to the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, (5)___________ carry (6)________ to the lungs while the (7)___________ carry (8)___________ to the heart.
- Arteries
- oxgenated blood
- Veins
- deoxygenated blood
- pulmonary arteries
- deoxygenated blood
- Pulmonary Veins
- oxygenated
what are the walls of veins and arteries made of?
- squamous edothelial cells that form a smooth interior lining
- muscle(middel layer)
- fibrous tissue(outer layer)
what are the walls of the capillaries made of?
only one layer of endothelial cells, so that subsances can pass between the cells and the blood
label the heart
how does the structure of the artery relate to its function?
- arteries carry blood at high pressures
- wall are thick and elastic
how does the structure of the vein relate to its function?
- Veins carry blood at low pressure
- wall are thin with thin muscle layer
- valves prevent backflow of blood
- veins expand to accomodate increasing volumes of blood such as during exercise.
how does the structure of the capillary relate to its function?
- useful and waste substances must pass between blood and tissues.
- blood flows at very low pressure
- single layer of endothelial cells allows substances oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients to pass from the blood into the tissue fluid surrounding the cells
- thin wall layer means short diffusion distance between blood and tissues.
what are the vessels of transportation in flowering plants?
Vascular tissue composed of xylem and phloem vessels
Label this diagram showing the cross section of the stem
Label this diagram showing the cross section of the root?
What is transpiration?
transiration is the evaporation of water at the surface of the leaf
How does water move through plants
water moves by a combination of
- root pressure
- transpiration
- capillarity
environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration
- temperature
- humidity
- wind speed
- light intensity - in bright light stomata open and in dull light they close
importance of transpiration to plants
- it draws water up from the root to the leaves to be used in photosynthesis
- it cools the plant when it evaporates
- Keeps the cells turgid and thus supports the plant
- dissolved minerals are carried from the roots to the leaves
methods by which plants conserve water
- reducing the rate of transpiration
- storing water in leaves , stems and roots(succulent plants)
- increasing the uptake of water
what is the transpiration stream?
the flow of water through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, via the xylem vessels.
How do stomata control loss of water?
- the size of the stoma depend on the turgidity of the guard cells. when the guard become turfgid the stoma opens, when they become flaccid the stoma closes.
- if there is abundant water the guard cells will become turgid and the stoma opens. So the plant with lose water.
- If there is very little water the guard cells will become flaccid and so the stomata will close, thereby reducing the loss and conserving water.
How water moves trough a flowering plant
- Root Pressure(push from the roots): 1. water enters the root hairs and epidermal cells by osmosis; 2. water moves through the cortex cells of the root by osmosis; 3. water is pushed into the xylem of the root by root pressure
- Transpiration: loss of water vapor from the surface of the leaves creates a pull. 1. water evaporates from the spongy mesophyll layer and diffuses out through the stoma; 2. water is drawn drawn through other spongy mesophyll cells by osmosis; 3 water is drawn up the xylem vessels by negative pressure and from the xylem to the cells by osmosis
- capillarity: there is continuous column of water in the xylem from the roots to leaves because of the cohesive properties of water.
explain the mechanism of movement of water through the flowering plant using the numbers on the diagram.
which structure carries organic food in the plant?
phloem seive tubes.
true or false: phloem seive tubes are living
true
true or false: xylem vessels are living
false
Structure of the phloem seive tube
Explain the mechanism of translocation using the numbers on the diagram
- sugars made in cells enter the seive tube by active transport
- water moves from the adjacent xylem vessels by osmosis because the sugar concentration is high in the phloem
- turgor pressure increases due to water entering
- tugor pressure pushes the solution through the seive plates
- sugars move from the seive tubes to into the cells of the sugar sink by active transport.
- water is drawn out of the seive tube into the xylem vessels by suction created by the transpiration stream
- turgor pressure decreased due to water leaving the seive tubes. the difference in pressure between 3 and 7 creates a pressure gradient which keeps the sugars moving in solution.
definition of translocation in plants
Translocation is the movement of organic food from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.
what are the storage organs in plants?
- roots: root tubers such as sweet potato; tap roots such as turnip and carrots.
- stems: stem tubers such as yam and english potato
- leaves: onion, garlic
- fruits: succulent fruits
- seeds: peas and beans, nuts, rice, wheat.
what does this diagram show?
phloem seive tubes
what does this diagram show?
Xylem vessels
this is a section of which part of the plant?
stem
this is a section of which part of the plant?
root
this is a section of which part of the plant?
stem
this is a section of which part of the plant?
root
what vascular structure does this image show?
Xylem vessels
what vascular structure/s does this image show?
- Phloem(centre of image with seive plate)
- Xylem hollow tubes surrounding the phloem.
Label the diagram
Note L is the mesenteric artery
